Mapa mental
Relationships
Conteúdo do mapa
Relationships
Sexual Selection
- AO1
- Short-term mating. Casual sex = Males. Females cannot do this because they are stuck with the baby. Males pass on more genes. After sex = Women are less attractive. Able to move on to another female.
- Long-term mating. Choosy female. Limited eggs, want the best offspring. Leads to preferences. Females = resources. Male= age (fertility)
- Short-term mating. Casual sex = Males. Females cannot do this because they are stuck with the baby. Males pass on more genes. After sex = Women are less attractive. Able to move on to another female.
- AO2
- Support for casual sex. Clark and Hatfield - Asked strangers for casual sex, 75% of men said yes, 100% women said no.
- IDA - Casual sex is gender biased. forget about the advantages for women. In order for men to have casual sex, women must be willing.
- Consequences of sexual selection. Women marry for resources, extra-marital affairs for good genes. 14% of the population are the product of extra-marital affairs.
- Support for mate choice. Buss - 10,000 pps, 37 cultures. All women looked for resourcefulness, all men looked for fertility and age. Universal.
- Consequences of sexual selection. Women marry for resources, extra-marital affairs for good genes. 14% of the population are the product of extra-marital affairs.
- IDA - Casual sex is gender biased. forget about the advantages for women. In order for men to have casual sex, women must be willing.
- Support for casual sex. Clark and Hatfield - Asked strangers for casual sex, 75% of men said yes, 100% women said no.
- AO1
Parental Investment
- AO1
- Females invest more. Care prenatally, want to ensure the survival of their child. 100% certainty of maternity.
- Males invest less. Less certain for paternity, fear cuckoldry. More effort into mating rather than parenting. Want more casual sex.
- Females invest more. Care prenatally, want to ensure the survival of their child. 100% certainty of maternity.
- AO2
- Females - extra-marital affairs. Marry people who are resourceful but have sex with those who have good genes.
- IDA - Maternal invest - reductionist. Oversimplification of relationships, not the only factor. (evolutionary) e.g. not everyone wants children, social factors - upbringing, divorce- likely to care less for the child.
- Anderson - males contribute equally to their own children and step-children. Contradicts cuckoldry. Reid - males DO invest, they provide food, shelter which helps survival.
- Differences in jealousy. Buss - asked students to image scenarios. Either partners having sex with someone else or saying they are in love with someone else. Females were more aroused by their partner saying that they are in love with someone else. Males aroused when imagining their partner having sex with someone else. Supports that men fear cuckoldry and women don't want to lose their resources.
- Anderson - males contribute equally to their own children and step-children. Contradicts cuckoldry. Reid - males DO invest, they provide food, shelter which helps survival.
- IDA - Maternal invest - reductionist. Oversimplification of relationships, not the only factor. (evolutionary) e.g. not everyone wants children, social factors - upbringing, divorce- likely to care less for the child.
- Females - extra-marital affairs. Marry people who are resourceful but have sex with those who have good genes.
- AO1
Culture
- AO1
- Western - individualistic, voluntary. Select based on romantic love, emotional connection. More emphasis on self. Non-western collectivist, arranged love. Arranged by third party. More emphasis on the family or social group.
- Short-term (temporary) VS long-term (Permanent). West - divorce rate 40-50%, easier access, able to look for their 'ideal partner' to be happy. Non-western - 4% divorce in china. Philippines - divorce is illegal, stigmatised, less access.
- Western - individualistic, voluntary. Select based on romantic love, emotional connection. More emphasis on self. Non-western collectivist, arranged love. Arranged by third party. More emphasis on the family or social group.
- AO2
- Support for romantic love. Levine - many qualities wanted but not love. 7% in the UK agreed to marry them, 50% in India said yes. China perceive RL as pain, sorrow and unrealistic.
- RL is universal. Jankowiak and Fisher - 166 tribes in the non-west. Found evidence of RL in all, passionate relationships, infactuation. Everyone must have these emotions, down to biology. Culture must affect expression. Universal - evolutionary advantage. Couples - increase survival rate.
- Divorce in china is increasing, rapid urbanistaion - taking on western values. Less stigma. People will divorce to find their ideal partner. Support cultural influence, introduction of individualistic norms have changed relationships.
- IDA - reductionist. Collectivist VS Individualistic. Can't label a whole country. There is many subcultures. Generational difference - Canadian muslim women prefer westernised marriages, dads stick to the traditional non-western marriages. More important to study intra-cultural differences rather than inter-cultural differences.
- Divorce in china is increasing, rapid urbanistaion - taking on western values. Less stigma. People will divorce to find their ideal partner. Support cultural influence, introduction of individualistic norms have changed relationships.
- RL is universal. Jankowiak and Fisher - 166 tribes in the non-west. Found evidence of RL in all, passionate relationships, infactuation. Everyone must have these emotions, down to biology. Culture must affect expression. Universal - evolutionary advantage. Couples - increase survival rate.
- Support for romantic love. Levine - many qualities wanted but not love. 7% in the UK agreed to marry them, 50% in India said yes. China perceive RL as pain, sorrow and unrealistic.
- AO1
Childhood
- AO1
- Early attachment influences parenting style. Explained by the internal working model. Quinton - women in care have difficulties with parenting - were less sensitive and responsive with their kids. Not only influences later relationships but parenting aswell.
- Child abuse has negative effects. Damaged ability to trust people and isolation from others. Kolk + Fisler - abused children formed disorganised relationships. Disorganised relationships lead to difficulty regulating emotions. Key aspect of relationships.
- Early attachment influences parenting style. Explained by the internal working model. Quinton - women in care have difficulties with parenting - were less sensitive and responsive with their kids. Not only influences later relationships but parenting aswell.
- AO2
- Early attachment - methodological problems. Demand characteristics/ social desirability bias. Volunteer bias. Affects internal validity.
- IDA - Continuity hypothesis - deterministic. Says that early attachment determines later relationships. Other factors may influence - divorce, death of a parent. Attachment style is not a determining factor, we can actively change our lives - free will.
- Child abuse - research support. Berenson + Anderson - negative reactions to those who remind them of their abusive parent. Doesn't occur with those who do not remind them of their abusive parent. They impose behaviours learnt from their abusive childhood on their l=interpersonal relationships.
- IDA - Child abuse - reductionist. Relationships styles can vary from person to person. Individuals may behave differently in different relationships, i.e. secure in one and insecure in another. Doesn't take into account important individual differences, in terms of different attachment styles in different relationships.
- Child abuse - research support. Berenson + Anderson - negative reactions to those who remind them of their abusive parent. Doesn't occur with those who do not remind them of their abusive parent. They impose behaviours learnt from their abusive childhood on their l=interpersonal relationships.
- IDA - Continuity hypothesis - deterministic. Says that early attachment determines later relationships. Other factors may influence - divorce, death of a parent. Attachment style is not a determining factor, we can actively change our lives - free will.
- Early attachment - methodological problems. Demand characteristics/ social desirability bias. Volunteer bias. Affects internal validity.
- AO1
Formation
- AO1
- Reward/Need - classical and operant. Classical - associating the person with a positive event. Operant - individuals who are rewarding are more likely to be liked. Mutual attraction more likely to be formed if partners meet each other's needs.
- Similarity - relationships formed by those who have similar personalities and interests. Personalities - more likely to be attracted if they have similar personality traits. Attitudes - Byrne - direct relationship between the level of attraction and proportion of similar attitudes. SImilarity is more often the rule, especially in long-term relationships.
- Reward/Need - classical and operant. Classical - associating the person with a positive event. Operant - individuals who are rewarding are more likely to be liked. Mutual attraction more likely to be formed if partners meet each other's needs.
- AO2
- Reward/Need support - we like those who provide direct reinforcement. Griffitt + Guay - high rating from those who received rewards from the experimenter. Facebook - Facebook use was positively correlated with both positive and negative indicators of relationships satisfaction.. This model - clear explanation of formation.
- Similarity is important for 2 reasons. People who are similar like us , rule out dissimilar people, avoid rejection. When others are attitudes, it validates them, this is rewarding. Similar to the reward/need model.
- IDA - Culture bias. Created in western settings. Doesn't account for different cultural settings. Non- western cultures how little care for reinforcement and rewards. Lott - women are more focused on the needs of others rather than their own. Not a universal explanation.
- Dissimilarity shouldn't be ignored. Rosenbaum - repulsion theory. Dissimilarity influences whether we like a person. Attracted by similarities, get to know each other, those who found dissimilarities = less attracted. Disagreement may have more of an affect than agreement.
- IDA - Culture bias. Created in western settings. Doesn't account for different cultural settings. Non- western cultures how little care for reinforcement and rewards. Lott - women are more focused on the needs of others rather than their own. Not a universal explanation.
- Similarity is important for 2 reasons. People who are similar like us , rule out dissimilar people, avoid rejection. When others are attitudes, it validates them, this is rewarding. Similar to the reward/need model.
- Reward/Need support - we like those who provide direct reinforcement. Griffitt + Guay - high rating from those who received rewards from the experimenter. Facebook - Facebook use was positively correlated with both positive and negative indicators of relationships satisfaction.. This model - clear explanation of formation.
- AO1
Breakdown
Maintenance
- AO1
- Social Exchange theory - satisfaction depends on the exchange of rewards and costs. Rewards - costs = outcome. Commitment depends on the profitability of the relationships. Most satisfying, those where the outcome is profitable.
- Equity Theory - people have an expectation that relationships should be fair. Equality leads to satisfaction. Equity is most successful at maintaining satisfaction in relationships
- Social Exchange theory - satisfaction depends on the exchange of rewards and costs. Rewards - costs = outcome. Commitment depends on the profitability of the relationships. Most satisfying, those where the outcome is profitable.
- AO2
- SET - useful as it recognises the importance of the factors. Rusbult + Martz - women had greatest commitment to their relationship when the economic alternatives are poor. When investment is high but alternatives are poor = profitable relationship. Sound explanation for abusive relationships as well as maintenance.
- Clark + Mills - economic theories do not govern relationships. Exchange - work colleagues, acquaintances. Communal - close friends and family. People in communal relationships do not have concern for equity. Equity alone is not the only factor in terms of maintenance.
- Clark + Mills - economic theories do not govern relationships. Exchange - work colleagues, acquaintances. Communal - close friends and family. People in communal relationships do not have concern for equity. Equity alone is not the only factor in terms of maintenance.
- SET - useful as it recognises the importance of the factors. Rusbult + Martz - women had greatest commitment to their relationship when the economic alternatives are poor. When investment is high but alternatives are poor = profitable relationship. Sound explanation for abusive relationships as well as maintenance.
- AO1
Informações
- Descrição
- Mapa Mental sobre Relationships, criado por Rebecca Stanger em 08-12-2015.
- Criado por
- Rebecca Stanger
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