JCH20 Notes

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Video Link: Case study: The Moon Landing, 1969 https://youtu.be/sQyhUv92EnI

Key Words

Cold War

Assassination

The Space Race

Civil Rights

Martin Luther King

Discrimination

The Cold War Space Race

During the Cold War, the USSR and the USA both invested heavily in the arms race to build up their nuclear arsenals.

This new rocket technology would also be used in the Space Race to carry astronauts into outer space.

Some of this new technology (computers and microchips) would also be used by civilians.

Early Soviet Advances

In 1957, the USSR sent the first satellite (sputnik) into space.

The USSR moved further ahead in 1961 when they sent Yuri Gagarin into space. He became the first person to orbit the earth.

The Moon landings

US President Kennedy pledged to catch the USSR and send a man to the moon. NASA launched the Gemini and Apollo missions to achieve this.

On 16 July 1969, Apollo 11 landed on the moon. Neil Armstrong and ‘Buzz’ Aldrin became the first men to land on the moon.

Over 500 million people watched the landings live on TV.

Significance of the Space Race

The US had won the space race by landing people on the moon ahead of the USSR.

New Technological advances improved MRI and CAT scanners in hospitals.

It increased our knowledge of space

Civil rights in the USA

Following the abolition of slavery in 1865, African American slaves were free to live and work in the US.

Despite this, they experienced serious racial discrimination and were treated as 2nd class citizens in the 20th century.

They also experienced racial segregation where black and white Americans were separated in public places such as schools, restaurants and public transport.

Civil Rights movement

In the 1950s, African Americans began demanding better treatment – This was known as the civil rights movement.

It was led by Martin Luther King who believed in non-violent protests to achieve change.

He travelled around America and campaigned for civil rights – In Washington in 1963 he made his ‘I have a dream’ speech

Civil Rights movement in action

The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a civil rights protest during which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama.

The ‘Lunch-Counter protests’ was when African American students staged a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth’s lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, and refused to leave after being denied service.

Events such as these inspired similar action throughout all of the USA.

The lunch counter protests

Martin Luther Kings campaign resulted in President Lyndon B. Johnson passing the Civil Rights Act (1964).

This Act outlawed discrimination based on race, colour, religion, sex or ethnicity.

In 1968, King was assassinated by a white gunman – This resulted in large nationwide riots and clashes.

Despite this, the rights of African Americans began to improve as more black politicians began to be elected

The Vietnam War

Vietnam had been a French colony since the nineteenth century. During WWII, it was conquered by Japan.

Vietnamese Communist leader Ho Chi Minh formed the Viet Minh to fight off Japanese occupation.

After WWII, Ho Chi Minh and his forces took over Northern Vietnam and he established himself as president. The north became a Communist region.

The US wanted to contain the spread of Communism and prevent it from spreading into South Vietnam and other surrounding countries.

At first, the US sent advisers and military equipment to South Vietnam.

In 1964, the US escalated their involvement in Vietnam and began sending US troops and bombing North Vietnamese cities and supply lines.

US forces struggled against the guerrilla war tactics of the Vietcong.

US forces resorted to controversial tactics such as burning villages and using chemical agents (agent orange) to destroy jungles.

This caused great anger in the United States and led to nationwide anti-war protests.

Results

The war led to deep divisions in the US between the anti-war movement and those who supported war.

Millions of Vietnamese would die including 2.5 million civilians.

It ended with a military defeat for the US.

Ireland in the 1960s

In the 1950’s, Ireland suffered from high unemployment and high emigration as Irelands economy struggled.

Ireland began to bring in policy changes to improve Irelands economy in an attempt to make Ireland more prosperous.

In 1959, Taoiseach Seán Lemass brought in a policy called the First Programme for Economic Expansion.

This gave grants and tax breaks to attract foreign industries to set up in Ireland.

This caused an increase in employment levels and a decrease in emigration.

This led to a gradual increase in Irelands population.

Changes in Education

Education was improved and the Minister for Education, Donagh O’Malley brought in free education and free transport.

Grants were given to building new schools .

New third Level Colleges were also introduced, called Regional Technical Colleges

The impacts were huge

In the 1960’s, about 50% of children would drop out of education at the age of 15.

1961- 8,600 LC students

1972 - 24,000 LC students

Children leaving education after primary was abandoned.

Today, over 90% of the Irish population go on to complete their leaving cert.

Changes to Education

Free education since the 1960’s and free third level education in the 90’s

Use of technology such as whiteboards and data projectors in classrooms

More subject choices for students and study options such as TYO, LCA and LCVP

Free college education and more choice in colleges and courses

Change in the 60s:

RTÉ. Ireland had no domestic TV service until 1961. They passed the broadcasting authority act in 1960 which set up an independent authority to run Tv and radio in Ireland. Telefís Eireann launched on December 31st 1961 and by the 70s, over 50% of people had a TV. It influenced society in the following ways.

➢ People saw UK and US programmes and began to compare their lives to their own. They questioned why Ireland was so different.

➢ Programmes like the late late (the longest running chat show in the world) under Gay Byrne regularly discussed topics such as contraception, religon, womens rights and sex. Society’s attitude began to shift.

➢ People saw political leaders, senior catholic bishops and other important people being openly challenged for the first time. They could no longer hide from the public.

RTE – Television

RTE (Raidió Teilifís Éireann) was established as the national television service. Its first broadcast was in 1961. Through television Irish people were exposed to American and British cultures and values. Political and Church leaders had their opinions challenged on shows such as the Late Late Show. By 1970 over 50% of irish homes had a TV.

Examples of TV programs

The Riordans - Irish soap - giving in sight into family life

Wanderly Wagon - Irish childrens TV show

Late Late Show - new talk show on TV - Gay Byrne

Television was key in changing Irish society over decades. It did so in the following ways:

Foreign Influence – new from around the world

Debating Controversial topics – The Late Late show under Gay Byrne was a platform for debate topics, divorce, contraception & homosexuality causing outcry with the church

Challenging the powerful – Political leaders and catholic Bishops challenged for the first time

NEW TELEVISION SERVICE - RTÉ ARCHIVEShttps://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/681-history-of-rte/704-rte-1960s/139351-opening-night-presidents-address/

The Catholic Church

In 1962, Pope John XXIII called the Second Vatican Council to modernise the catholic church. It was made up of senior Catholic clergy and made radical changes such as:

● Mass was now read in vernacular and the priest faced the congregation.

● Laypeople were given bigger roles.

● The bible was published in vernacular and all church teachings were to come from the bible.

● Searched for a better understanding and cooperation between various Christain churches worldwide.

After this people began to question the church and it slowly declined its reputation in Ireland.

Dr John McQuaid the Archbishop of Ireland. Had a Huge influence on society he

Banned Irish Catholics from attending Trinity as it was a Protestant University

UCD had the Angelus rang every day a 12pm and 6pm. This continued until 1966

Unmarried mothers rejected and forced to give up their babies for adoption

Overview of the Years 1960-1970

The decade of the 1960s was characterised by worldwide economic boom, the rise of population after the war, 'the Baby Boom', and the emergence of Civil Rights movements. Student movements came to prominence around the world, culminating in the events of 1968. It was the age of space exploration, in which the first man walked on the moon in 1969. In 1967 the first successful heart transplant was performed in South Africa by Dr Christian Barnard. The Prague Spring of 1968 saw an attempt to liberalise Communism in Czechoslovakia, crushed by Soviet forces. Dr Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy were assassinated in the United States in 1968. The war in Vietnam dominated the decade, and gave rise to anti-war movements in the United States and Europe. The 'six-day' Arab-Israeli war, 1967, saw the overwhelming defeat of the combined Arab forces, and the occupation by Israel of the West Bank and Gaza.

Ireland also benefited from the economic boom and developing economy as policies of protectionism were abandoned and the country was opened up to international trade and industry. RTÉ television began on the last day of 1961. The 1960s also saw the end of censorship in Ireland, and the provision of free post-primary education. The Civil Rights movement began in the North of Ireland, and the start of the 'troubles', which continued to the end of the century.

1960 (27 July) battalion of Irish defence forces leaves for the Congo. On 8 November nine Irish soldiers killed in an ambush at Niemba by Baluba tribesmen.

How revolutionary was Ireland in 1968? https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2018/0924/995710-how-revolutionary-was-ireland-in-1968/

Sean Lemass Years - Taoiseach from 1959 – 1966 saw a great need for Ireland to become more industrialised so that employment could be created for people.

In 1959 Eamon De Valera resigned as Taoiseach, he was succeeded by Sean Lemass. Lemass realised that Fianna fail’s protectionist economic policies had not worked and that a new approach was needed. He promoted a new generation of politicians including Jack Lynch, Charlie Haughey, Donogh O'Malley and Patrick Hillery. They were open to new ideas.

Economic policy and changes

A civil servant TK Whitaker drew up a plan to reinvigorate the economy called the Programme for Economic Expansion to draw foreign money to be spent here.

Its main points were:

Free trade – Ireland reduce tariffs on imports to encourage trade and reduce prices

Encourage foreign investment by reducing taxes on foreign companies that were set up in Ireland, giving them grants to create jobs

Grants for business and farmers were given to increase production to be sold abroad

These proposals were implemented by Lemass. They were very successful

Emigration declined as people stayed home to take the new jobs being created

Economic growth of 4%

Both Unemployment and emigration fell (only 11,0000 people leaving in 1971)

New relationship with Northern Ireland

In 1921 the governments in Belfast and Dublin had little contact with each other. Lemass was determined to change this. He wanted a united Ireland. In 1965 he travelled to Belfast and meet with NI Prime Minister Terence O’Neill the meet twice. They both agreed to cooperate on Non-controversial matter such as tourism, education and agriculture. This outraged extremists such as Ian Paisley, who began to protest at O’ Neil’s leadership. The start of the troubles brought an end to this period of cross border cooperation.

FREE EDUCATION HISTORY IRELAND HEDGE SCHOOL -https://www.historyireland.com/podcast/50th-anniversary-of-free-education/

Women’s Liberation Movement

Women were mainly Housewives and mothers

Seen as the property of their husbands

Woman wanted:

Equal pay

The removal of the marriage bar

Equal Education

Right to contraception

Changes in Women’s Lives

The women’s rights movement spread to Ireland in 1960’s and women began to demand greater equality. The Employment Equality Agency was set up 1977 and ensures there is no discrimination against women in work and pay.

Large numbers of women go on to 3rd level education from the 1970’s onwards.

The marriage ban was lifted and women no longer have to give up their jobs in civil service when they marry.

Women have become more involved in politics. There was the first woman leader of an

Irish political party and President in the 1990’s and recently the first Tánaiste.

Women have become more prominent in the world of sport. (Katy Taylor and Sonia OSullivan)

There is better access to contraception and family planning.

It has become more acceptable for women to work outside the home.

Changes in Working Life

Health and Safety has become increasingly important with many laws passed to ensure people work in a safe environment

Better pay and working conditions due to work of Unions. There is equality of pay and access to employment

Change from primary activities such as farming to manufacturing and services. As a result there are purpose built industrial estates and huge factory plants such as Wyeth and Intel. With increased education there are highly skilled jobs available.

Communications

The exchange of ideas and information -

Instant international texts internet open minded

The quality of communications has improved dramatically and become faster. Information is communicated practically instantly. You can see events unfold live on TV such as Sept 11. Increased awareness of international events such as the Haiti Earthquake and keeps Ireland up to date.

Letters have decreased in importance as instant communication comes with texts and e- mails, it is also faster.

More sources of information with several TV Channels, websites, radio stations, newspapers

Instant access to information with the internet. This means people are more open minded and educated.

People are able to communicate quicker and easier as majority of population has a mobile phone.

Housing

New machinery and labour saving devices

Improved heating and plumbing double glazing has become standard

Urban Life

Population increase Problems Shopping Centres Urban Renewal

Suburbs of Dublin have grown rapidly e.g. Tallaght - over 100,000 people and the boundaries of Dublin are increasing. Large number of people moved to city from countryside since 1960's - new jobs

Still have problems in inner-city areas esp. unemployment. Also a growing problem of crime and drug abuse in many cities. There is a lack of amenities in some areas esp. for young. Also a growing problem of waste disposal as cities grow. Transport congestion

Many large new shopping centres and cinemas built. 1st shopping centre opened 1967 in Stillorgan. Dundrum, Liffey Valley are large shopping and leisure areas

Urban renewal schemes very important in late 1980’s e.g. Temple Bar. As space becomes less available there has been a huge increase in number of apartments built.

Rural life

Rural Isolation Unemployment Depopulation Chainstores

1. Rural isolation as many leave the farms for work in the cities leaving behind older relatives. This leads to a loss of a sense of community and the decline in many rural and cultural traditions.

2. Improvement in machinery and labour saving devices means unemployment for farm labourers but more spare time for farmers.

3. Towns become depopulated leading to closure of shops, pubs and business’s

4. Chain stores and supermarkets replace local shops

5. Membership of the EU brought greater prosperity to rural areas and modernisation

of homes (1973). CAP gave better prices for crops and later quotas had to be introduced to stop overproduction

Transport

1. Cars have become more affordable and many households have more than one car.

2. Many new smaller airports built in recent years such as Knock and air travel has

become cheaper with the introduction of low cost air lines. (Ryanair 85)

3. Many new and improved roads built such as the M50. They bypass towns in an effort

to improve traffic congestion. Travel times have been shortened for example the new

M6 road connects Galway to Dublin in 2 hours

4. Luas and Dart try to improve travel times for commuters in Dublin as do new and

improved Quality Bus Corridors.

5. Problem of traffic congestion and air pollution in 1990’s

Social Life

Nightclubs Internet Sedentary Lifestyle Obesity

1. Night clubs instead of dance halls.

2. Less face to face contact as people keep in contact through social networking sites

such as BEBO and Facebook. They also play online tournaments on playstations etc.

3. Sedentary Lifestyle as people play computer games such as play station and X box and

watch more TV this leads to obesity.

4. Cinemas have become multiplexes and have more choice to offer.

5. Increased wealth has led to more holidays

Sports

Professionalism New Sports Fitness Women

1. Growth of professional sports where people can earn a career through sport with high wages, sponsorship and prize money.

2. New sports from around the world are played in Ireland watched on the many sports channels such as Marshall Arts

3. Increased number of clubs and societies

4. Increased level of fitness through research.

5. We have more prominent sports women.

Exam Prep

In the 1960’s as an important decade in Europe and the wider world, name an important issue or event from the time.

The Civil Rights Movement

Write an account of this event and explain why it was significant

African Americans experienced serious racial discrimination and segregation during the 20th century. Black and white Americans were often separated in public places such as schools, restaurants and public transport. In the 1950s, African Americans began demanding better treatment – This was known as the civil rights movement. It was led by Martin Luther King who believed in non-violent protests to achieve change. He travelled around America and campaigned for civil rights, making his ‘I have a dream’ speech. Martin Luther Kings campaign resulted in President Lyndon B. Johnson passing the Civil Rights Act (1964) which outlawed discrimination based on race, colour, religion, sex or ethnicity.In 1968, King was assassinated by a white gunman. Despite this, the rights of African Americans began to improve as more black politicians began to be elected