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The multi-store model

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• Atkinson and Shiffrin's multi-store model describes how information flows through the memory system. The model suggests memory is made up of three stores linked by processing.

Sensory Register

• Stimulus will pass into the sensory registers (sights sounds smells etc)
• This part of the memory has several stores
• The two main stores are called iconic memory (visual information) and echoic memory (auditory)
• Duration = less than half a second
• High capacity
• Very little of what goes into the sensory register passes further into the memory system but it will if you pay attention to it..

Short-term memory

• Known as a limited capacity store
• Capacity of STM is on average between 5 and 9 items (7+/-2)
• Information encoded in STM lasts about 30 seconds unless it is rehearsed
• Maintenance rehearsal occurs keeps info in STM
• Elaborative rehearsal gets it into LTM

Long-term memory

• potentially permanent memory store
• unlimted capacity and can last for many years.
• LTM tends to be encoded semantically
• although material is stored in the LTM, when we want o recall it, it has to be transferred back to the STM in a process called retrieval.

Evaluation

• Supported by other research that shows that STM and LTM are qualitatively different.
• MSM says that STM is a unitary store but evidence from people suffering from amnesia shows this is not true. Shallice and Warrington studied KF who had amnesia. They found that KF's short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read the digits to him but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself . There could be another short term store for non-verbal sounds.
• MSM- what matters is the amount of rehearsal you do Craik and Watkins found this to be wrong, what matters is the type of rehearsal you do- maintenance or elaborate.

Long-term memory

• Tulving (1985) proposed that there were three LTM stores containing quite different types of information.
• Episodic memory
• Our ability to recall events (episodes) from our lives.
• complex- time stamped, includes several elements (people places objects etc) and you have to make a conscious effort to recall them
• Semantic memory
• Contains knowledge of the world
• encyclopedia and a dictionary
• not time stamped, less personal more about facts
• Procedural memory
• memory for actions or skills, how we do things
• we can recall these memories without conscious awareness .

Evaluation

• Hm and Clive Wearing