Cognitive Approach Smoking - created from Mind Map

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INITIATION

behaviour escalates to addiction due to expectations of costs & benefits of the activity

adolescents report smoking in negative moods & expect it to make them feel better

expectancy for relaxation & increased self confidence shown as reasons for teens to start

research into expectancy theory doesn't consider loss of control which is characteristic of addiction. unclear what role expectancy plays in development of loss of control.

RELAPSE

expectations of costs & benefits affect individual's readiness to quit & likelihood of relapse

studies show that smokers' perceptions of pros and cons of smoking & quitting affect quitting behaviour

perceive smoking to have many benefits & more likely to relapse & revert back to it.

MAINTENANCE

as addiction develops, influenced less by conscious expectancy and more by unconscious automatic processing.

explains loss of control & difficulty in abstaining

expectancies can be manipulated to to prevent relapse

Tate told smokers to expect no negative experiences & led to fewer reports of somatic & psychological effects than control group

this supports the claim that expectancies can be manipulated to give the desired outcome

focus of research into expectancy theory has been on positive findings. the selective publication of positive results gives an unrepresentative view of a particular research area. (publication bias)

inconsistent findings. some found patches did not improve cessation rates among adolescents but other studies show nicotine patches effective in reducing relapse only combined with CBT to change +ve expectancy of smoking behaviour. Supporting theory for relationship between expectancy & relapse

low success rate for NRT explained by study that found smokers reported that cigs alleviate negative moods, cravings & have positive effects on weight control compared to NRT so these expectancies are not generalised to NRT illustrating the importance of expectancy.

based on expectations & beliefs makes the model oversimplified, ignoring biological factors.

Ryle: believed that 'dilemmas' create mental obstacles to changing addictive behaviour. Alternatives are seen in too limited am manner e.g. 'i would have no friends if I gave up smoking'. Appropriate aims are abandoned due to perceiving them as dissatisfactory e.g. 'I would quit but..'. Illustrating the cognitive nature of the problem.

Cognitive Approach Smoking