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3770 exam 2
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Questions in this quiz (75)
1Natural selection most easily responds to particular selection pressures by shifting the [blank_start]timing of growth trajectories[blank_end].
- Atiming of growth trajectories
2The reason that men have bigger brains than women can be attributed to [blank_start]allometric growth[blank_end].
- Aallometric growth
3The reason that we can share 95% of our genes (or more) with chimpanzees yet be so different is that we differ in regulatory genes that control developmental processes.
- ATrue
- BFalse
4There has been a [blank_start]3[blank_end] fold increase from the Australopithecus to Modern Humans (measured in absolute brain size: brain mass/volume)
- A1
- B2
- C3
- D4
- E5
- F6
- G7
- H8
- I9
5Many of the earlier homo species had brains that were larger than modern humans. This includes:
- AHomohabilis
- BHomoerectus
- CHomoergaster
- DHomoflorensiensis
- EHomoheidelbergensis
- FAustralopithecus
- GHomosapians
- HHomorudolfensis
6Mammals brain size scales to [blank_start]0.67[blank_end] of body size, which is much the same in primates.
- A0.67
7Brains are [blank_start]negatively[blank_end] allometric relative to body size.
- Apositively
- Bnegatively
8The [blank_start]Encephalization Quotient[blank_end] is observed brain size/expected brain size and allows us to describe whether a particular brain size is what we would expect it to be, given the associated body size.
- AEncephalization Quotient
9Despite the fact that they're of similar size, modern chimpanzees have larger relative brain sizes than Australopithecus.
- ATrue
- BFalse
10Through calculating EQs of extinct hominins, we have found a fairly sharp rise in absolute brain size, while there has been a steady and relatively linear increase in EQ (except with the emergence of us).
- ATrue
- BFalse
11There were 3 grade shifts within non human primates:
1. Hominoids, cercopithecines, noncalitrichine platyrrhines
2. Colobines, calitrichines
3. Prosminians- ATrue
- BFalse
12Based on primate data alone, humans have a brain that are [blank_start]3.1[blank_end] times larger than expected from out body size (aka encephalization quotient)
- A3.1
13Using data from mammals, human brains are expected to be [blank_start]7.5[blank_end]x larger than expected from our body size (encephalization quotient)
- A7.5
14Of most interest to evolution psychologists is the [blank_start]neocortex[blank_end]. In particular, the [blank_start]gray matter[blank_end] that we share with other mammals but which is absent from vertebrates.
- Acerebellum
- Bcerebrum
- Cneocortex
- Dcerebral cortex
- Epre-frontal cortex
- Fgray matter
- Gwhite matter
- Hneural pathways
- Ineurons
15When compared with other apes, our frontal lobes are about as large as expected. But, we show an [blank_start]increase[blank_end] in the relative size of the temporal lobe.
- Aincrease
- Bdecrease
16When compared with other apes, our frontal lobes are about as large as expected. But, we have shows a [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] in the parietal and occipital lobes.
- Aincrease
- Bdecrease
17Although the [blank_start]relative[blank_end] size of the occipital lobe is larger in primates, the [blank_start]absolute[blank_end] size of the occipital lobe is 1.5x larger in humans than in chimpanzees.
- Aabsolute
- Brelative
- Cabsolute
- Drelative
18The cerebral cortex contains several regions (including the neocortex) which are devoted to being recieving areas for special senses and motor regions for voluntary control of muscle action.
- ATrue
- BFalse
19The prefrontal cortex has [blank_start]executive authority[blank_end], which is implicated in the planning of complex cognitive behaviors, for which it taps into working memory, personality expression, and the moderation of social behavior.
- Aexecutive authority
20The frontal cortex is [blank_start]larger[blank_end] in primates than other mammals, and [blank_start]larger[blank_end] in humans than in chimpanzees. This is interesting because this isn't the case for the frontal cortex as a whole.
- Asmaller
- Blarger
- Csmaller
- Dlarger
21Check all of the TRUE statements
- ARelative brain size is a primate characteristic
- BRelative brain size is an anthropoid characteristic
- CRelative neocortex exanspion is a primate characteristic
- DRelative neocortex expansion is an anthropoid characteristic
- ERelative cerebellum expansion is a primate characteristic
- FRelative cerebellum expansion is a hominoid characteristic
- GRelative cerebellum expansion is an anthropoid characeteristic
- HRelative brain size is a hominoid characteristic
- IRelative prefrontal cortex expansion is a hominin characteristic
- JRelative prefrontal cortex expansion is an anthropoid characteristic
22Along with apes, the human cerebellum, although separate from the neocortex, has increased in absolute size
- ATrue
- BFalse
23Humans have a larger cerebellum than predicted for a hominid with our overall brain size.
- ATrue
- BFalse
24Selection pressures of the cerebellum [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] after the split of the human lienage from the African ancestral hominid stock.
- Aincreased
- Bdecreased
25The use of relative measures of brain size provide us with information about when and how natural selection has acted, so they are often used in assessments of relative cognitive ability. Relative brain size is also assumed to indicate relative cognitive performance.
- ATrue
- BFalse
262 animals can have the same EQ, but differ markedly in the actual amount of neural tissue available to them.
- ATrue
- BFalse
27Size predicts cognitive performance.
- ATrue
- BFalse
28There is no particularly strong relationship between brain size and IQ.
- ATrue
- BFalse
29Brains [blank_start]slow[blank_end] life histories [blank_start]down[blank_end]. In humans, it is associated with compromised [blank_start]locomotion[blank_end] and a source of [blank_start]mortality[blank_end].
- Aspeed
- Bslow
- Cup
- Ddown
- Ediet
- Flocomotion
- Gopportunity
- Hpurpose
- Imorality
- Jhealth complications due to stress
30The brain's job is to detect and track relevant changes in the world and then produce adaptive responses to them using [blank_start]algorithms[blank_end], a specific set of instructions or fixed steps that can be used to solve a problem.
- Aalgorithms
31Big brains go hand in hand with [blank_start]long lives[blank_end], allowing their owners to store their experience of the world as memories and to act on this when necessary.
- Along lives
32Animals (like vervet monkeys) that live in harsh, seasonal environments, are likely to face unpredictable fluctuations in ecological conditions that pose considerable problems for them and for which a long memory may prove invaluable.
- ATrue
- BFalse
33In an uncertain world, the trick to success lies in being able to carve or categorise the percieved world into appropriate units that can be linked to adaptie behavior. We must establish contexts for action and we do this largely by means of [blank_start]associative learning[blank_end]. To make this response possible in the absence of any experience, this requires the accumultion in memory of past experiences and the actions associated with them.
- Aassociative learning
34The ability to respond to [blank_start]contingency[blank_end] (an event that may occur but is not likely or intended) must be built on an organism's prior experience (knowledge)
- Acontingency
35The fine tuning between context and action (contingency) is accomplished by the linked processes of [blank_start]generalization[blank_end] (to lump contexts) and [blank_start]discrimination[blank_end] (to separate context).
- Ageneralization
- Bdiscrimination
36[blank_start]Stimulus generalization[blank_end] is the performance of a response learned to one stimulus in the presence of another that wasn't present when the initial learning occured (percieved similar as the other)
- AStimulus generalization
37[blank_start]Stimulus control[blank_end] is when a behavior comes under the influence of a discriminative stimulus or context.
- AStimulus control
38An example of first order conditional discrimination is when we stop at a red light when someone is watching but run if no one else is around.
- ATrue
- BFalse
39[blank_start]Operant conditioning[blank_end] links the animals behavior to particular contexts
[blank_start]Classical conditioning[blank_end] links different contexts to one another- AOperant conditioning
- BClassical conditioning
40[blank_start]Implicit learning[blank_end] is the ability to connect things in our world without being aware that we are acquiring knowledge. A good example of this in humans is priming in the ability to learn language.
- AImplicit learning
41We perceive the world as an ongoing whole. We don't deal with each of the correlated, perceptually distinguished elements as individual elements but as patterns that are globally detectable. Detecting overall context allows us to deal with ambiguity.
- ATrue
- BFalse
42CATEGORIZATION:
-[blank_start]Rote memorization[blank_end] refers to the ability to perceive and memorize individual exemplars one by one, independent of category membership. This requires experience. Example: knowing that hammer and screwdriver are connected.
-[blank_start]Open-ended categorization[blank_end] derives from the ability to detect perceptual similarities among items. This does not require experience. Allows individuals to cope successfully with novel problems in the absence of experience (to generalize). Example: grouping forks, or grouping things that look like eagles and things that look like dogs- ARote memorization
- BSimple concepts
- CAnalogical Reasoning
- DTransitive inference
- EAnalogical reasoning
- FOpen-ended categorization
- GRelational concepts
43CONCEPTS
-[blank_start]Concept[blank_end] is a general idea derived from specific instances/occurrences
-Simple concepts are a functional quality that is used as the basis of categorization
-[blank_start]Relational concepts[blank_end] are based on uncommon abstract relationships shared by sets of stimuli
-[blank_start]Transitive concepts[blank_end] are if A>B>C, then A>C. This understanding is a consequence of exposure to, and interaction with, other animals- AConcept
- BRelational concepts
- CTransitive concepts
44[blank_start]Analogical reasoning[blank_end] is built on the ability to map relations in one domain to relations in another. It builds on relational concepts and is qualitatively more demanding because it concerns the 'relations' between 'relations'.
- AAnalogical reasoning
45Analogies are the basis for [blank_start]inductive[blank_end] reasoning
- Ainductive
- Bdeductive
46Analogical reasoning as a cognitive capacity emerges on it's own.
- ATrue
- BFalse
47Time is an intangible cognitive construct.
- ATrue
- BFalse
48The extent to which one can learn subsequent tasks more rapidly and apply one's acquired knowledge are said to of formed a [blank_start]learning set[blank_end].
- Alearning set
49A species performance on one task type is not correlated with it's perforamnce on others.
- ATrue
- BFalse
50The global cognitive ability of task performance is best predicted by absolute brain size, although absolute neocortex size is also a very good predictor. Neocortex ratio is not.
- ATrue
- BFalse
51Skoyles argued that brain size, rather than indicating an intrinsic ability to solve problems, is more likely to underpin [blank_start]expertise[blank_end], which is a skill based on knowledge.
- Aexpertise
52It is reasonable to consider the possibility that the primary cognitive demands faced by an animal are ecological.
- ATrue
- BFalse
53[blank_start]Diurnal[blank_end] primates, given their larger size and color vision, are omnivorous but mainly reliant on plant products of various kinds (leaves, fruit, buds, roots, gum, flowers). Primates in general sit somewhere along the continuum between folivory and frugivory.
- ADiurnal
- BNocturnal
54Select all the true statements concerning folivorous primates
- ALeaves offer less nutritional return as they get older
- BThere has been selection on many plants to reduce predation on leaves (tannins)
- CLeaves offer the highest level of nutritional benefit
- DPrimates have adapted in their dietary physiology (digestion and detoxification) to make leaf eating worthwhile
- EFolivores only need to eat a small amount of leaves in order to gain the nutritional value
- FFolivores have to eat a lot of leaves to get enough nutrients, then they need to spend a large amount of their time digesting their food so that they can eat more.
- GFolivores spend a large amount of their time looking for leaves and are therefore active for most of the way.
55Eating fruit is a riskier strategy than eating leaves.
- ATrue
- BFalse
56In general, frugivores have larger home ranges, and travel further, than do folivores.
- ATrue
- BFalse
57It has been argued that, as in the case of frugivores, efficient use of these larger areas in which essential resources are unpredictably distributed - in both space and time - over a large area, drives selection for memory and improved spatial cognition.
- ATrue
- BFalse
58[blank_start]The Expensive Tissue Hypothesis[blank_end] focuses intitially on humans.. Ariello & Wheeler observed that while human brains are metabolically expensive to maintain, there is no evidence that humans have increased basal metabolic rate (BMR) to compensate.
- AThe Expensive Tissue Hypothesis
59[blank_start]Basal metabolic rate[blank_end] is the daily expenditure of energy by an animal if it were entirely at rest in a thermoneutral environment. An estimate of the energy needed to simply keep the body ticking over.
- ABasal metabolic rate
60[blank_start]The cognitive buffer hypothesi[blank_end]s states that larger brained animals should have the behavioral flexibility needed to overcome the problems of seasonality.
- AThe cognitive buffer hypothesi
61The cognitive buffer hypothesis suggests that hominins were able to 'fund' larger brains using both strategies of encephalisation and fat storage, they achieved growth (our life histories are slower than hominids) and reproduction. How did they do this?
- ABy eating more frugivorously (fruit)
- BBy eating more folivoriously (plants)
- CBy shifting to richer sources of food (meat, cooked foods)
- DBy directing energy away from locomotion (improved bipedal efficiency)
- EBy becoming more fission-fusion like
- FIncreasing the size of their social groups
- GBy becoming more independent and less social
62A diverse diet will benefit from improved [blank_start]foraging[blank_end] skills, as these allow efficient access to a wide variety of food types. [blank_start]Extractive foraging[blank_end] in particular requires a range of cognitive skills, from the manual dexterity made possible from opposable thumbs, to the ability to coordinate a suite of actions in a pursuit of a goal, and eventually, means-end cognition.
- Aforaging
- BExtractive foraging
63We expect fruit-eaters and/or extractive foragers to have bigger brains - both because the problem of getting enough food require of them and because a rich diet supports the development of a larger brain (it is energetically expensive).
- ATrue
- BFalse
64Much, if not all of the sequential behavior that we see and assume reflects planning. There is no convincing evidence that monkeys can plan an action in advance.
- ATrue
- BFalse
65In line with the argument that environmental challenge lies behind the increase in relative brain size in the primates, Batron has shown that there is evidence for a selection of a 'cortico-cerebellar network' that ties together the neocortex, cerebellum, amygdala, pons, and visual thalamus. At the heart of this network, lies the need to coordinate [blank_start]movement[blank_end] through [blank_start]visual control[blank_end].
This was initially a consequence of the [blank_start]move into the trees[blank_end], where grasp and accurate movement required [blank_start]visual input[blank_end].
It is for this reason that both the neocortex and cerebellum are [blank_start]bigger[blank_end] in primates than in insectavores.
The emergence of a diurnal lifestyle increased [blank_start]visual[blank_end] opportunity and demand (example: [blank_start]color vision)[blank_end]- Amovement
- Bvisual control
- Cmove into the trees
- Dvisual input
- Ebigger
- Fcolor vision)
- Gvisual
66Humans have a technical intelligence, driven by the cognitive requirements of tool construction. So, we expect tools to reflect the imposition of standardized form, made possible by skilled technique. However... It is likely that hominin tool construction benefited from hominin brains but DID NOT drive the increase in their size.
- ATrue
- BFalse
67Tool-using species are very common, particularly among large-brained mammals.
- ATrue
- BFalse
68If we wish to show that the need for more sophisticated tools is driving EQ upwards, whatever evidence there is will have to come from the tools themselves.
- ATrue
- BFalse
69 It has been argued that the shape of tools can tell us something about the spatial cognition of the makers.
- ATrue
- BFalse
70The most revealing aspect of a tool's shape is the extent and nature of it's [blank_start]symmetry[blank_end], since this ability is underpinned by increasing cognitive control and spatial understanding. To identify and produce more complex versions also requires that we are able to apply [blank_start]transformational rules[blank_end].
- Asymmetry
- Btransformational rules
71No matter how simple the tool, tool construction requires that construction is guided by an [blank_start]intuitive geometry[blank_end] (the ability to draw on topological concepts). Hominin tools, therefore, require that the maker appreciate [blank_start]nearness[blank_end], [blank_start]separation[blank_end], and [blank_start]order[blank_end].
- Aintuitive geometry
- Bnearness
- Cseparation
- Dorder
72Both the cerebellum and parts of the parietal cortex are recruited during the making of tools.
- ATrue
- BFalse
73When we put everything together with what we know about the hominin EQ, the picture is a discouraging one for the argument that the cognitive demands of tool construction drove hominin brain evolution.
- ATrue
- BFalse
74One clue to the selection pressures that might have produced large human brains is present in our neural architecture. Different regions of the brain have co-evolved (they are functionally linked)... the cerebellum, visual thalamus, pons, and amygdala show correlated evolution in various way. Essentially, [blank_start]visual[blank_end] information is being processed and connected to [blank_start]skilled action[blank_end].
- Avisual
- Bskilled action
75The other clue to the selection pressures that might have produced large human brains comes from barton's use of the comparative method to ascertain which aspects can be accounted for different in [blank_start]neocortex[blank_end] size. He showed 2 things:
1. The neocortex is [blank_start]more[blank_end] developed in diurnal primates than in nocturnal ones (in diurnals, neoxcortex development is positively associated with amount of fruit in diet)
2. Even when the effects of diet are removed, there is one additional primate attribtue that remains the most important predictor of neocortex size: the [blank_start]size of the social groups[blank_end] of the primates- Aneocortex
- Bcerebral cortex
- Ccerebellum
- Dless
- Emore
- Fecosystem in which they live
- Gsize of the social groups
- Hmonogamous lifestyle
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- Description
- 3770 exam 2
- Author
- Amy Labossiere
- Language
- English
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