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Regulatory Modifications

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Structural Basis for Biological Function (Protein Modifications) Quiz on Regulatory Modifications, created by gina_evans0312 on 22/12/2013.
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Quiz by gina_evans0312, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by gina_evans0312 over 10 years ago
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Question 1

Question
Regulatory modifications can be removed
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 2

Question
What is added in Palmitoylation?
Answer
  • Palmitic Acid
  • Palmitoyl-5-Phosphate
  • Palmitite

Question 3

Question
The substrate in palmitoylation is added through a thio-ester bond
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 4

Question
Where is the substrate in palmitoylation added?
Answer
  • The central cystine
  • The two flanking leucines
  • Of C/LCL/C

Question 5

Question
Describe Model 1 of regulatory modification
Answer
  • The modification changes the functional state (Active --> Inactive or vice versa)
  • The modification changes the affinity of the protein for its binding partner

Question 6

Question
In Model 2, what does the addition do?
Answer
  • Activates/deactivates the protein
  • Creates a new binding site that only exists with the modification
  • Marks the protein for destruction

Question 7

Question
Phosphorylation is the least used modification in eukaryotic cells
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 8

Question
What is the donor for phosphorylation?
Answer
  • Gamma phosphate of ATP
  • Alpha phosphate of ATP
  • Beta phosphate of ATP

Question 9

Question
Name the two enzymes that add/remove the phosphate
Answer
  • Protein kinases
  • Protein phosphatases
  • Protein isomerases
  • Protein transferases

Question 10

Question
Phosphates are added to amino acids with OH groups on the R chain
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 11

Question
Phosphorylation can be used for both Model 1 & 2
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 12

Question
Give an example of a Model 1 phosphorylation
Answer
  • Phosphorylation of Erk Kinase
  • Phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase
  • Phosporylation of Ras

Question 13

Question
Describe a Model 2 pathway for phosphorylation
Answer
  • Platelet derived growth factor self phosphorylates on Tyr
  • Allows binding of other proteins SH2 domains
  • Phosphorylation of Raf
  • Phosphorylation of MEK

Question 14

Question
Acetylation is used almost exclusively for model 1
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 15

Question
To which residue is the substrate for Acetylation added?
Answer
  • Lysine
  • Leucine
  • Tyrosine

Question 16

Question
Acetylysine is neutral
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 17

Question
Acetyl-lysines are recognised by what?
Answer
  • Bromo-domains
  • Phosphoserine domains
  • KH4 domains

Question 18

Question
The donor for Acetylation is?
Answer
  • N-acetyl glucosamine
  • N-acetyl galactosamine
  • Acetyl CoA

Question 19

Question
Name the proteins that add/remove the substrate in acetylation
Answer
  • Acetyl Transferase
  • Deacetylases
  • Acetyl Isomerase
  • Acetylase

Question 20

Question
How is acetylation used for DNA density regulation?
Answer
  • The histone monomers (H3 & H4 especially) have tails rich in lysine for acetylation
  • T/A residues are acetylated, which signals to move them to the histone and be silenced
  • GTG repeats are acetylated to activate them, moving them away from the histone

Question 21

Question
Acetylation causes the DNA to relax
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 22

Question
What is the role of bromodomains?
Answer
  • To interact with histones
  • To interact with nucleosoems
  • Bring in other proteins for the chromatin remodelling complex

Question 23

Question
What is the donor substrate for methylation?
Answer
  • S-adenosyl Methionine
  • Ethanol
  • N-acetyl methionine

Question 24

Question
Name the two protein sets that add/remove methyl groups
Answer
  • Methyl transferase
  • Demethylase
  • Methyl isomerase
  • Methylases

Question 25

Question
There are separate enzymes for lysine and arginine methylation
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 26

Question
Methyl can be added to the same lysine how many times?
Answer
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5

Question 27

Question
MeK, Me2K and Me3K are all created and recognised by the same enzyme
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 28

Question
Some enzymes can mono/bi/ and tri methylate, some can only do one
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 29

Question
Name the forms of dimethylated arginine
Answer
  • Me2R
  • Symmetrical Me2R
  • Asymmetrical Me2R

Question 30

Question
What's the difference between s & aMe2R
Answer
  • One is in Cis, the other is in trans formation
  • aMe2R has both methylations on the same arginine
  • aMe2R has both methylations on different arginines

Question 31

Question
Arginine has 5 nitrogens to be replaced
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 32

Question
Tudor domains recognise methylation
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 33

Question
Why is S-adenosyl methionine used as the donor
Answer
  • It has a 5-bonded carbon, which makes the methyl easy to remove
  • It has a 4-bonded phosphate, which makes the methyl easy to remove
  • It has a 3-bonded sulphur, which makes the methyl easy to remove

Question 34

Question
Tandem tudor cannot bind to Me3K as there is no longer a H for it to bind with
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 35

Question
A type of tudor domain will recognise asymmetical Me2R
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 36

Question
ADP ribosylation is mostly Model 2
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 37

Question
What is the donor for ADP ribosylation?
Answer
  • NAD+
  • FAD+
  • NADH

Question 38

Question
How is the ADP gained from the substrate?
Answer
  • Cut off the nicotinamide and you're left with the ADP
  • Cut off the flavin and you're left with the ADP

Question 39

Question
Name the proteins that add/removed ADP
Answer
  • Poly-ADP Ribose Polymerase
  • ADP Transferase
  • De-ADPase
  • Poly-ADP Ribose Glycohydrolases

Question 40

Question
Which amino acids are the ADP(s) added to?
Answer
  • Lysine
  • Glutamine
  • Valine
  • Glutaminc Acid

Question 41

Question
Which amino acid has the ADP(s) added?
Answer
  • Lysine
  • Glutamine
  • Valine

Question 42

Question
ADP ribose can be addded to ADP ribose in straight or branched chains
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 43

Question
What is the role of glutamic acid ADP ribosylation?
Answer
  • Happens to linker histones
  • Happens to open stretches of DNA
  • Recognised by DNA damage response proteins
  • Recognised by silencing proteins

Question 44

Question
Name the 3 enzymes used in the addition of Ubiquitin
Answer
  • E1- Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme
  • E1- Ubiquitin Activating Enzyme
  • E2- Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme
  • U2- Ubiquitin Ligase
  • U3- Ubiquitin Activating Enzyme
  • U3- Ubiquitin Ligase

Question 45

Question
De-Ubiquitinating Enzyme removes Ubiquitin
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 46

Question
What type of bond forms between Ubiquitin and the target residue?
Answer
  • Thio-ester, between the COOH of the ubiquitin and the lysine on the target protein
  • Isopeptide, between the COOH of the ubiquitin and the lysine on the target protein
  • Disulphide, between the COOH of the ubiquitin and the lysine on the target protein

Question 47

Question
Ubiquitinated lysine 63 are open and flexible and acts a signalling site for complex formation Ubiquitinated lysine 48 are compact and mark the protein for destruction
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 48

Question
What is the first step of ubiquitination?
Answer
  • Ubiquitin is activated by ATP hydrolysis
  • Ubiquitin is activated by GTP hydrolysis
  • Ubiquitin is activated by UTP hydrolysis

Question 49

Question
Once Ub has been activated, what enzyme does it bind to, and what bond forms?
Answer
  • Thio-ester
  • Peptide
  • E1
  • E2

Question 50

Question
The Ub is then passed on to..
Answer
  • E1
  • E2
  • E3

Question 51

Question
What is the role of E3?
Answer
  • Binding of an E2-Ub complex
  • Binding on an E1-Ub complex
  • Binds to substrate protein & transfers ubiquitin to amino group of lysine

Question 52

Question
Protein specificity for Ubiquitination lives in E2
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 53

Question
How many versions of E1 are there?
Answer
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3

Question 54

Question
There are 35 versions of E2
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 55

Question
How many E3's are there?
Answer
  • 1
  • 10's
  • 100's
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