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PSYCO 104 Chapter 7
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- 1What are the two major approaches to learning?Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
- 2True or False: Operant conditioning involves a neutral stimulus which produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response.False; this is the definition of classical conditioning.
- 3What is an unconditional stimulus (US)?A stimulus that elicits a response that is NOT conditional on any sort of training (e.g. food)
- 4What is an unconditional response (UR)?A response to a stimulus that is not conditional on any sort of training. It is reflexive (e.g. drooling at the sight of food)
- 5What is a conditional stimulus (CS)?A stimulus that elicits a response that is conditional on some type of training (e.g. a bell ringing, or a clicker)
- 6What is a conditional response (CR)?A response to a stimulus that is conditional on some type of training (e.g. salivation in response to a bell)
- 7List the three phases of classical conditioning.Acquisition, Extinction, and Spontaneous Recovery
- 8What is acquisition in classical conditioning?When the conditional stimulus (CS) and unconditional stimulus (US) are presented together. In other words, acquisition is training.
- 9In classical conditioning, extinction occurs gradually in response to what?The removal of the unconditional stimulus
- 10What is generalization in classical conditioning?The conditioned response (CR) is observed even though the conditional stimulus (CS) is slightly different than the CS used in acquisition
- 11Choose one of US or CS to describe the effects and environment in the following sentence: Each time a drug is taken, its effects (US/CS) are associated with environmental cues (US/CS).US
CS - 12True or False: The compensatory response of the body weakens with each drug exposure in the same environment.False; it gets stronger
- 13Choose one. (CCR = conditioned compensatory response): a) drug effect = direct effect + CCR b) drug effect = direct effect - CCR c) drug effect = direct effect / CCR d) drug effect = direct effect * CCRb)
drug effect = direct effect - CCR - 14True or False: The CCR is exactly the same as a CR in terms of its reinforcement, and acts in the same manner (amplifies the effects of the stimulus)False; it is the same as a CR in terms of its reinforcement, BUT it acts in the opposite manner (opposes the stimulus)
- 15True or False: Even without consuming the drug, studies show that a subject who has been conditioned to have a compensatory response will still experience similar compensatory response effects if they are placed into the same conditioning environment.True. This is because the expectation of receiving the drug in the original environment remains, resulting in the compensatory response.
- 16Explain why people tend to overdose more in newer environments.Because of the conditioned compensatory response (or lack thereof, in this case). Their bodies don't provide the compensatory response, and thus they will take the same amount as usual, but not have the same inhibitory response. The result is an overdose.
- 17What is an antecedent? Is it relevant to classical or operant conditioning?Something that occurs before a behaviour actually happens. Classical conditioning is dependent on antecedents.
- 18True or False: In operant conditioning, behaviour is controlled by consequences.True
- 19What is the law of effect in operant conditioning?If you do something and that behaviour results in a positive consequence, you're more likely to do that behaviour in the future. The opposite is true as well.
- 20Match the following terms to their definitions. 1. Reinforcer; 2. Punisher; 3. Positive; 4. Negative a) Present a stimulus; b) Increase the likelihood of behaviour that led to it; c) Decrease the likelihood of behaviour that led to it; d) Remove a stimulus1 -> b
2 -> c
3 -> a
4 -> d - 21Fill in the blanks with the correct terms.
- 22Which is better for learning: punishment or reinforcement?Reinforcement
- 23What is a primary reinforcer?Something that satisfies biological needs (e.g. food)
- 24What is a secondary reinforcer?Something that has reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcers (via classical conditioning). For example, money is just pieces of paper, but gaining it is associated with gaining primary reinforcers like food, etc.
- 25What is the overjustification effect?External rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behaviour (e.g. it's unhealthy to give rewards for good grades because it can undermine the value of the satisfaction of working hard and learning)
- 26What are schedules of reinforcement?The relationship between an operant behaviour and its consequence/payoff
- 27What are the two ways to vary reinforcement?Number of responses (ratio)
Amount of time (interval) that has passed in the trial - 28What are the two ways to vary a reinforcement schedule?Fixed schedules: reward is received after a fixed value
Variable schedule: Reward is received after an average value - 29_____ (variable/ratio) schedules produce greater responding, whereas _____ (variable/ratio) schedules produce more consistent responding.ratio
variable - 30Give an example of a fixed ratio schedule.McCafe cards; you have to buy 7 cups to get 1 free cup, 14 cups for 2 free cups, etc.
People are inclined to pause after receiving the reward for their work in this kind of schedule. - 31Give an example of a variable ratio schedule.Slot machines or Timmies Roll Up The Rim; each time COULD be the time that you're given a reward
- 32Give an example of a fixed interval schedule.A pay check.
The time interval remains constant between reinforcements; results in a sort of scalloped looking graph, because people tend to slack off a bit after being rewarded and then work harder as they approach their reward time - 33Give an example of a variable interval schedule.Checking for your email, or waiting for a parcel
You don't know when you'll receive the reward, so you check at a steady rate until you receive it. - 34What are the advantages and disadvantages of continuous rewarding schedules?Leads to the fastest rate of learning/behaviour, but has the fastest extinction when the reward disappears
- 35What are the advantages and disadvantages of intermittent rewarding schedules?Has slightly less fast rates of learning/behaviour, but much slower rate of extinction when reward disappears
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- Psychology Karteikarten am PSYCO 104 Chapter 7, erstellt von Chuck Hanson am 12/12/2017.
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