Karteikarten
Attachment
Karten in diesem Stapel (14)
- 1Caregiver - infant interactionsInteractions:
Babies have frequent and important interactions with their caregiver
Reciprocity:
Mother responds to infants alertness
From 3 months close attention between mother and infant
Interactions like synchrony:
Interaction become coordinated
Isabelle et al - quality of attachment related to synchrony - 2EvaluationHard to know what is happening:
Observe simple gestures and expressions,
And assume infants intention
Controlled observation:
Capture fine details of interaction
Purpose of synchrony and reciprocity:
Feldman: just observations, purpose not entirely understood - 3Attachment figuresParent-infant:
Traditionally mother-infant, other attachment figures like father may also be important
The role of the father:
Grossman et al - attachment to fathers less important but fathers may have a different role - play and stimulation
Fathers as primary caregivers:
Field: fathers as primary careers adopt attachment behavior more typical of mothers - 4EvaluationInconsistent findings:
Different research questions overall picture unclear
Children without fathers aren't different:
Suggest the role of fathers isn't important
Fathers not primary attachment:
May be due to traditional gender roles or biological differences
Evaluation extra:
Socially sensitive research- working mothers - 5Schaffer and Emerson's stages of attachmentAims:
To investigate the age of attachment formation and who attachments were formed with
Method:
Mothers of 60 babies from Glasgow reported monthly on separation anxiety
Findings:
Most babies showed attachment to a primary caregiver by 32 weeks and developed multiple attachments soon after this - 6EvaluationGood external validity:
Observations were in participants' natural environment
Longitudinal design:
Same participants were observed ar each age, elimination individual differences as a confound
Limited sample characteristics:
All family's from the same area and over 59 years ago, so they may lack generalisability - 7Stages of attachmentAssocial stage:
Little observable social behavior
Indiscriminate attachment:
More observable attachment behavior, accept cuddles from any adult
Specific attachment:
Stranger anxiety and separation anxiety in regard to one particular adult
Multiple attachments:
Attachment behavior directed towards more than one adult - secondary attachment - 8EvaluationAsocial stage:
Social behavior is hard to observe in the first few weeks but this doesn't mean that the baby is asocial
Conflicting evidence:
Van ijendoorn et al - research in different contexts has found multiple attachments may appear first
Measuring multiple attachment:
Just because a child protests what an adult leaves doesn't necessarily mean attachment
Evaluation extra:
Schaffer and Emerson used limited measures of attachment - 9Animal studies of attachment:Lorenz research:
Procedure:
Goslings saw Lorenz when they hatched
Findings:
Newly hatched chicks attach to the first moving object they see (imprinting)
Sexual imprinting:
Adult birds try to mate with whatever species or objects they imprint on - 10Evaluation:Generalisabilty:
Birds and mammals have different attachment system so Lorenz results may not be relive the to humans
Some observations questioned:
Guiton et al - birds imprinting on rubber gloves did later prefer their own species - 11Harlow's researchProcedure:
Baby monkey given cloth or wire 'mother' with feeding bottle attached
Findings:
Monkeys clung to cloth surrogate rather than wire one, regardless of which dispensed milk
Maternally deprived monkeys:
Grew up socially dysfunctional
The critical period:
After 90 days attachments wouldn't form - 12EvaluationTheoretical value:
Demonstrated that attachment depends more on contract than feeding
Practical value:
Howe - informs understanding of risk factors for child abuse
Ethical issues:
Suffering of the monkeys would be human like
Evaluation extra:
Can Harlow's findings be applied to humans? - 13Learning theoryClassical conditioning:
Caregiver (NS) associated with food (UCS)
Caregiver becomes CS
Operant conditioning:
Crying behavior reinforced positively for infant and negatively for caregiver
Attachment as a secondary drive:
Attachment becomes a secondary drive through association with hunger - 14EvaluationAnimal studies:
Lorenz and Harlow showed that feeding is not the key to attachment
Human research:
Schaffer and Emerson - most primary attachment figures were the mother even when others did most feeding
Ignores other factors:
Cannot account for the importance of sensitivity and interactional synchrony
Evaluation extra:
Some elements of conditioning could still be involved
There is a newer learning theory explanation
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- Karteikarten am Attachment, erstellt von sana sultan am 01/12/2018.
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- sana sultan
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