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attachment
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- 1what is attachment?a close two way emotional bond between two individuals. they see the other as essential for their own emotional security
- 2attachments can be displayed by 3 different behaviors what are they?proximity seeking
separation distress
secure base behavior- regularly returning to their care giver - 3what is reciprocitya description of how 2 people interact
an interaction is reciprocal when each person responds to each other and elicits a response from them
e.g. from 3 months babies pay close attention to verbal signals andfacial expressions. Feldman (2007) - 4what is interactional synchrony?mother and baby/infant reflect actions and emotions of each other and this is co-ordinated
This is a temporal co-ordination of micro-level social behavior (Feldman 2007) i.e parent and childs behaviour is mirrored. - 5what is the first stage of attchmentAsocial stage
babies behavior towards non human objects and human objects is similar. show preference for familiar adults that find it easier to calm them down - 6what is the second stage of attachmentindiscriminate attachment
from 2-7 months display more observational social-preference for people rather than objects. usually accept cuddles and comfort from ANY adult - 7what is the third stage of attachmentspecific attachment
from 7 months- display anxiety towards strangers and become anxious when separated from one particular adult
at this point baby has formed a specific attchment - 8what is the fourth stage of attachment?multiple attachments
extend their attachments to multiple adults after their primary attachment figure - 9what are the two types of the learning theoryclassical conditioning
operant conditioning - 10what is operant conditioninglearning by reinforcement
-positive reinforcement, gives food ----- infant enjoys the food
-negative reinforcement - infant feels discomfort ------- discomfort is removed - 11what is drive reductionwhen do you do something to feel better e.g. hunger is a primary drive
secondary drive - attachment formed with carer as they always have food - 12what is classical conditioningusc-ucr
ucs+ns-ucr
ns-cr
food is primary reinforcer
learning through assoication - 13describe harlows study2 surrogate mothers made out of a wire, one with a cloth, one with milk the baby monkey always preferred the soft monkey therefore preferred comfort over food. criticizing the learning theory associating everything through food.
- 14describe Lorenz studydividing goslings, some eggs with the mother and some in a incubator, Lorenz found out the first object they see they become attached too. there is a critical period when this can happen
- 15what is imprinting?a new born of some bird species follows the first moving object they see during a specific time after hatching
- 16what is bowblys evolutionary theorybiological purpose of attachment - survive
psychological purpose of attachment - security - 17what is the basic assumptions of the bowlbys theorry-attachment is innate and adaptive
-attachment formation promotes survival
-mothers and babies a genetically programmed through natural selection to form attachments to ensure their survival
-human infants have developed specific social releasers .e.g crying/smiling - 18what is the internal working model?forming attachment also teach children how to form later relationships as an adult - vital for reproduction
- 19forming attachment in the critical periodattachment should happen within this period, if an attachment doesn't occur within this period or sensitive period, it wont happen at all
- 20monotropyan innate tendency to become attached on to a particular adult who interacts with them sensitively
this attachment is unique, first to develop and strongest of them all
will form an 'internal working model' a template for future relationships - 21what is the strange situation and who is it founded by?3 specific attachments in the 3rd stage of attachment (specific attachment)
Ainsworth and Bell (1969, 1978) - 22what are the three behaviors in the strange situation?secure attachment, avoidant attachment, resistance attachment
- 23what is secure attachmentstranger anxiety
separation anxiety
easily comforted in reunion - 24what is aviodant attachmentlow anxiety
low stranger + separation anxiety
little response at reunion - 25what is resistant attachmentintense anxiety
high levels of stranger and separation anxiety
rejects comfort at reunion - 26evaluation for bowlbys evolutionary theory of attchmentempirical support - Tronich et al- lived in extended family groups where children would breast feed from there mother and different women but slept with mum at night and usually still showed preference to mother
Reductionist - attachment is complex, saying a product of something genetic is oversimplistic, there are multiple explanations - 27van lizendoorn and kroonberg (1988)cultural variations
meta analysis was conducted and compared the findings of 32 studies which used to strange situation to ivestigate the proportions of infants attachment. Compared 8 different nations - 28findings of van lizendoorn and kroonenbergsecure attachment was most common in all 8 nations
significant differences were found in the distribution of insecure attachment e.g. western cultures dominant the insecure avoidant
eastern cultures dominant insecure resistant except china - 29strenghts of van lizendoorn and kroonenbergno direct ethical issues as meta analysis or data collection
empirical support- van lizendoorn and karie and karie
japan
68 secure
32 resistant
5 avoidant
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- Karteikarten am attachment, erstellt von rachel.alice am 23/11/2015.
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