Karteikarten
Attachment
Karten in diesem Stapel (53)
- 1Longitudinal study of ex institutional children - Hodges and Tizard 1989To see effects of early privation on subsequent social and emotional development. Natural experiment. 65 children placed in institution when less than 4 months old. Explicit policy that caregivers couldn't form attachments. By age of 4, 24 of institutionalised children had been adopted and 15 returned to natural homes. Rest stayed in institution. Assessment at 8 and 16 interviewing children, parents, teachers and peers. Adopted children generally had close attachments with their new parents and good family relationships. Much less true with restored children. However both groups were more likely to seek adult attention and approval than control children, and both groups less successful in peer relationships. Recovery is possible.
- 2One primary attachment - Schaffer and Emerson 1964Even though infants do form several attachments, they usually have one special attachment.
- 3The Ganda tribe - Ainsworth 1967Childcare involved several carers, yet infants nonetheless formed one primary attachment.
- 4The Efe pygmies - Tronick 1992Children live in extended family groups, and infants looked after by whoever is closest to hand. Breastfed by different women but sleep with mother. Found that at 12 months, the infants still showed preference for mother, a single primary attachment.
- 5The Kibbutzim - Fox 1977Children spend most of their time with nurses called metapelets, but see mothers for a few hours a day after work. When children placed in strange situation, protested equally when mother and metapelet left, but more comforted by mother on reunion. However, metapelets changed fairly frequently and had to divide attention to several infants, which could explain why children less attached to metapelet.
- 6John Bowlby 1953Maternal deprivation hypothesis
- 7Depression in children in hospital - Spitz and Wolf 1946100 children who became seriously depressed after staying in hospital. Generally recovered well if separation lasted less than 3 months. Longer separations rarely associated with recovery.
- 844 juvenile thieves - Bowlby 1944Wanted to test maternal deprivation hypothesis. 88 children ranging from 5 to 16, who'd been referred to child guidance clinic where Bowlby worked. 44 referred to clinic because of theft. Identified 16 of these as affectionless psychopaths. None of control group diagnosed as affectionless psychopaths. Interviewed children and parents to learn about early life experiences. 86% of affectionless psychopaths experienced early and prolonged separations from mothers. Only 17% of other thieves had experienced such separations. Only 4% of control group had experienced this. Findings support maternal deprivation hypothesis.
- 9Being a foster mother - Joyce Robertson 1971She cared for them in her own home. She arranged for children to visit mothers in hospital and to bring things from home with them to maintain emotional bonds with home during separation. These children slept and ate well and welcomed their parents at end of stay. Contrasts with John.
- 10Retarded women - Skeels and Dye 1939Compared development of one group of orphans who were raised in a home for retarded women who gave them attention, and with a control group who stayed in the original institution. After 1.5 years, IQs of control fell from average of 87 to 61, and average rose from 64 to 92 in orphans with retarded women. Skeels assessed children 20 years later and effects still apparent. Emotional care received received from women reduced emotional deprivation experienced in institution.
- 11Children with tuberculosis - Bowlby 1956Under 4 when first hospitalised. Strict nursing regimes strict and care impersonal. Data was collected about children when they were between 7 and 14. Psychologists assessed them and teachers were interviewed. When compared with control group of children, found that no difference in terms of delinquency or problems socialising. Deprivation doesn't inevitably lead to ill effects.
- 12Revisiting maternal deprivation hypothesis - Rutter 1981Bowlby confused cause and effect with association. Suggested instead that instead it could be that some families are at risk because of things like poor living conditions or bad interpersonal relationships. Both these could cause both separations and later maladjustment.
- 13Isle of Wight - Rutter 1976Interviewed over 2000 boys and their families on Isle of Wight and found delinquency most common in cases where boys had experienced separations due to discord in their families. Supports Rutter's hypothesis that it's family discord rather than separation on it's own that causes delinquency and emotional maladjustment.
- 14Thoughts on Hodges and Tizard's studies - Clarke and Clarke 1979May be that adopted children got on well with families because they made special efforts to love them, whereas they didn't experience this outside the house and so were unable to form relationships as easily or well.
- 15Romanian orphans - Rutter 1998111 Romanian orphans adopted into British families before age of 2. On arrival children physically undersized, but by 4 had caught up. However, age at adoption was negatively correlated with attainment of developmental milestones. The later children adopted, the slower their progress. Suggests the longer children experience emotional deprivation, the longer it will take for them to recover, but recovery is possible.
- 16Ex institutional women - Quinton 1985Followed group of women reared in institutions. They had extreme difficulties when they were parents. Their children more frequently in care and women less sensitive, less supportive and else warm than control group. However it may not be privation, may be that they had inadequate models for how to parent.
- 17Czech twins - Koluchova 1976Identical Czech twins whose mother died giving birth. They went to children's home for 11 months, spent 6 months with aunt, then father and stepmother. Father of low intelligence, stepmother exceptionally cruel. Boys never allowed out of house, kept in closet or cellar. When discovered at 7, they could hardly walk, had acute rickets, very fearful and speech very poor. After hospital and foster home, excellent gains made. Now adults and appear well adjusted.
- 18Following group of Romanian orphans - Rutter 2007Followed group of Romanian orphans, assessing at 4, 6 and 11.They had spent early years in extreme physical and emotional privation in Romania before being adopted. Children adopted after 6 months, showed disinhibited attachments and problems with peers. Adopted before 6 months showed normal levels of developments.
- 19Genie - Curtiss 1977Found when 13. She was strapped to a potty in a bare room. her father punished her if she made a sound. Her appearance was that of a 6 year old. Curtiss described her as unsocialised, primitive, and hardly human. Made virtually no sounds and could hardly walk. She never achieved good social adjustment or language despite intervention and being placed with foster family.
- 20The Czech twins and Genie - Rymer 1993The Czech twins had each other. Genie's mother claimed she had relationship with Genie, but this is unlikely. Could be Genie's father locked her away because he thought she was retarded. Czech twins were cared for by pair of loving sisters, but Genie's foster care abused her.
- 2140 adults adopted late in childhood - Triseliotis 1984They all appeared to have recovered even after late adoption.
- 22Reactive attachment disorder - Parker and Forrest 1993Symptoms include a lack of ability to give and receive affection, cruelty to others especially pets, abnormalities in eye contact, speech patterns, lying and stealing, lack of long term friends and extreme control problems.
- 23Young boy not wanted by mother - Flanagan 1996Mother offered him for adoption. Followed by series of foster homes until he was adopted at 18 months old. However appeared unable to accept affection of adoptive parents, and as an older child, lied, stole, sent death threats and flew into wild rages.
- 24Jones 1987Maternal rejection an occur even when mother is present, as in the case of primary rejectors. Usually unwanted children from middle class women, who may have good relationships with other children, and offer good physical care, but rejection starts from birth and the relationship never recovers. Gradually guilt and lack of empathy in mother turns into anger and later, as child grows up, period of stress or naughtiness may result in excessive punishment and abuse.
- 25German infants - Grossman and Grossman 1991They found the infants they studied were more likely to be classed as insecurely attached than securely attached using the strange situation. This contrasts with the view of consistency across cultures.
- 26Caribbean cultures - Thomas 1998Questions whether tendency to form a single main attachment is actually good for healthy psychological development. Claims that in Caribbean culture, multiple attachments are the norm.
- 27Beneficial several attachments - Parke 1981They are beneficial because of their qualitative differences. For example, a fathers' style of play is physically stimulating, whereas mothers' more likely to hold, soothe and read the children stories.
- 28Meta-Analysis - Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg - 1988Overall mean: 65% secure, 21% avoidant and 14% resistant. Great Britain had most secure attachments with 75%. West Germany most avoidant with 35%. Israel most resistant with 29%, although in Takahashi's study, 32% of Japanese infants were resistant.
- 29On Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis - Bee 1999Most striking finding is there is considerable consistency across cultures. She concludes that it is likely that same caregiver-infant interactions contribute to secure attachments in all cultures.
- 30Minnesota longitudinal study - Sroufe 1999Followed children from 12 months to adolescence. The children rated throughout childhood by teachers, trained observers and camp counsellors. Children rated as securely attached were also rated as being more popular, more initiative, being higher in social competence, self confidence and self esteem. Supports Bowlby's continuity hypothesis.
- 31Group of insecurely attached women - McCarthy 1999Group of women contacted who were insecurely attached in infancy, and they had their attitudes and experiences of relationships and friendships recorded. Women previously classified as 'avoidant insecure' more likely to have romantic problems and those classified as 'resistant-insecure' to have friendship problems.
- 32The love quiz - Hazan and Shaver 1987Published a love quiz in American newspaper, collecting information from people about their early attachment experiences, and their current romantic attitudes and experiences. They found individuals more securely attached tended to have happy and lasting love relationships and to believe that love was enduring and about mutual trust. Insecure types found relationships less easy and more likely to be divorced and think love is rare. Supports Bowlby's internal working model.
- 33Strange situation study in Germany - Wartner 199478% of children classified the same way at 1 and 6 years old. Shows strange situation is reliable.
- 34Differences in classification using strange situation at different ages - Melhuish 1993When these differences occur, it is normally associated with changes in the form of care, like changes in family structure.
- 35Infants behave differently depending on who with - Lamb 1977May be classified as having a secure relationship with father, but avoidant with mother.
- 36Ainsworth and Bell 1970The Strange Situation
- 37A further group of children - Main and Cassidy 1988Identified a further group of children, type D. This included inconsistent behaviour, confusion and indecision. Show stereotyped behaviour like rocking.
- 38Multiple caregiver paradox - Van Ijzendoorn 1992Infants have qualitatively different relationships with different caregivers. The best predictor of later development was an aggregate of all the child's attachments.
- 39What are secure attachments result of? - Ainsworth and Bell 1970Suggested result of mothers being sensitive to children's needs.
- 40Responsive mothers and infants - Isabella 1989Mothers and infants who tended to be responsive to each other at one month were more likely to have a secure relationship at 12 months. Supports Ainsworth and Bell 1970.
- 41Caregiver sensitivity hypothesis - Ainsworth 1974Attachment depends on warm and loving responsiveness of the caregiver.
- 42Temperament hypothesis - Kagan 1982Some infants are born with a tendency to be more friendly, which means they are more likely to form secure attachments.
- 43Behavioural instability - Belsky and Rovine 1987Newborns showing signs of behavioural instability were less likely to form secure attachments. Offers a different explanation to caregiver sensitivity hypothesis.
- 44Maurer and Maurer 1989Attachments are welded in the heat of interactions
- 45Four characteristics of attachment - Maccoby 1980Seeking proximity, especially when stressed
Distress on separation
Pleasure when reunited
General orientation of behaviour towards primary caregiver - 46Strange situation on Japanese infants - Takahashi 199068% classified as securely attached, almost same as American one. No infants classified as avoidant-insecure. 32% resistant-insecure. Infant alone step stopped 90% of the time due to infants becoming so distressed. If infants hadn't been so distressed, over 80% would be classified as securely attached. Was carried out on limited sample of middle-class, home reared infants.
- 47Inclusion of mental state - Dollard and Miller 1950Added the mental state 'drive state' to operant conditioning. Baby uncomfortable when hungry, feels a drive state. Drive state motivates baby to find way to stop discomfort. Baby cries and rewarded with food. Food is primary reinforcer and mother secondary reinforcer.
- 48Monkeys - Harlow and Harlow 1962Shows attachment not based on food. Two mesh cylinders, one bare and gave milk, other towelled to give comfort. If food
- 49Inclusion of mental state - Dollard and Miller 1950Added the mental state 'drive state' to operant conditioning. Baby uncomfortable when hungry, feels a drive state. Drive state motivates baby to find way to stop discomfort. Baby cries and rewarded with food. Food is primary reinforcer and mother secondary reinforcer.
- 50Four young monkeys - Harlow and Harlow 1962Raised on own, first few months huddled together, but gradually developed independence and appeared to suffer no ill effects. This suggests infant-infant bond just as effective as mother-infant bond.
- 51Primary attachment in infants - Schaffer and Emerson 1964In their study fewer than half of infants had primary attachment to person who fed, bathed and changed infant.
- 52John Bowlby 1969The evolutionary perspective
- 53Goslings imprinting - Konrad Lorenz 1952Geese imprint onto first moving object they see. Lorenz demonstrated this with a clutch of eggs divided into two groups, one stayed with the mother goose and one with Lorenz. Lorenz's ones imprinted on him and followed him around. He then placed them back with the other group and the real mother, but his group still followed him.
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- Karteikarten am Attachment, erstellt von tom4413 am 10/05/2013.
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