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IMPORTANT TERMS PSYCHOBIOLOGY

Nuria Nácher Soler BIOPSYCHOLOGY Englisch 81 Karten

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  1. 1MENTAL PROCESSESSets of operations that worl together to carry out a function
  2. 2NEURONSCells that receive signals from sense organs or other neurons, processes these signals, and sends the signals to muscles, organs, or other neurons.
    Basic units of the nervous system
  3. 3SENSORY NEURONSNeurons that respond to signals from sensory organs and transmit those signals to the brain and spinal cord
  4. 4MOTOR NEURONSNeurons that send signals to muscles in order to control movement
  5. 5INTERNEURONSNeurons that are connected to other neurons, not to sense organs or muscles
  6. 6BRAIN CIRCUITSSets of neurons that work together to receive input, operate on it in some way, and produce specific output
  7. 7CELL BODYCentral part of a neuron.
    Contains the nucleus.
    Controls the cell´s metabolic activities and integrates outputs
  8. 8CELL MEMBRANE"Skin" that surrounds the cell
  9. 9AXONSending end of the neuron.
    Long cable-like structure extending from the cell body.
    Conducts the nerve impulse away from the cell body
  10. 10TERMINAL BUTTONStructure at the end of the branch of an axon that can release chemicals into the space between neurons when their neuron has been triggered
  11. 11DENDRITETreelike art of a neuron that receives messages from the axons of other neurons or from the environment
  12. 12RESTING POTENTIALWhen neurons rest, they maintain a negative charge within them, which is the resting potential.
    Arises because of how irons are distributed inside and outside the cell
  13. 13ACTION POTENTIALThe shifting change in charge that moves down the axon
  14. 14ALL-OR-NONE LAWEither the action potential occurs or it doesn´t
  15. 15MYELINFatty substance that helps impulses efficiently travel down the axon
  16. 16SYNAPSEPlace where an azon of one neuron sends signals to the membrane of another neuron.
    Includes the sending portions of an axon, the receiving portions of the receiving neuron, and the space between them
  17. 17SYNAPTIC CLEFTGap in the synaapse between the axon of one neuron and the membrane of another across which communication occurs
  18. 18NEUROTRANSMITTERChemical that carries a signal from the terminal button of 1 neuron to the dendrite or cell body of another
  19. 19ENDOGENOUS CANNABINOIDNeurotransmitter released by the receiving neuron that then influences the activity of the sending neuron.
    Fine-tune activity underlying learning, memory, pain perception, attention.
    Found in marijuana
  20. 20RECEPTORSSpecialized site on a dendrite or cell body where a neurotransmitter molecule attaches itself.
    Receives only one type of neurotransmitter
  21. 21EXCITATORY INPUTSThe receiving neuron is more likely to have an action potential
  22. 22INHIBITORY INPUTSThe receiving neuron is less likely to have an action potential
  23. 23REUPTAKEProcess by which a neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft is reabsorbed back into the sending neuron so that the neuron can effectively fire again
  24. 24AGONISTChemical that mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter by activating a type of receptor
  25. 25ANTAGONISTChemical that blocks the effect of a neurotransmitter
  26. 26GLIAL CELLSType of cell that helps neurons to form both synapses anc connections when the brain is developing and influences the communication among neurons.
    Physically cushion neurons.
    Provide nutrients to neurons
    Clean up the remains of dead neurons
  27. 27AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)One of the parts of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
    Controls the smooth muscles in the body, some glandular functions, and many of the body´s self-regulation activities.
    Controls activities not under conscious control.
    Divided into: Sympathetic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous System
  28. 28SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEMPart of the ANS that "activates" the body like increasing breathing rate to deliver more oxygen, producing sweat, etc.
    Tends to affect all the organs at the same time
  29. 29PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEMPart of the ANS that tends to counteract Sympathetic Nervous System´s effects.
    Tends to affect organs one at a time or in small groups
  30. 30SENSORY-SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (SSNS)Part of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) that consists of the neurons in the sensory organs that convey information to the brain as well as neurons that actually trigger muscles and glands
  31. 31SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEMConsists of nerves that are attached to muscles that can be used voluntarily
  32. 32SPINAL CORDFlexible rope of neurons and their connections that runs inside the backbone (spinal column)
  33. 33MENINGESThree protective layered membranes that cover the brain
  34. 34CEREBRAL HEMISPHEREA left or right half-brain.
    Shaped roughly like a sphere
  35. 35CORPUS CALLOSUMLarge boundle of axons that connects the 2 halves of the brain
  36. 36CEREBRAL CORTEXConvoluted pinkish-gray outer layer of the brain where more mental processes arise.
    Contains the cell bodies of neuors.
    It is the gray matter
  37. 37SULCICreases in the cerebral cortex
  38. 38GYRIBulges between the sulci in the cerebral cortex
  39. 39SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURESParts of the brain located under the cerebral cortex.
    Also contain gray matter
  40. 40BRAIN SYSTEMSet of brain circuits that work together to accomplish a particular task
  41. 41OCCIPITAL LOBESBrain lobes at the back of the head.
    Concerned entirely with different aspects of vision.
    Characterize properties of viewed objects
  42. 42TEMPORAL LOBESBrain lobes under the temples, infron ot he ears.
    Many functions: processign sound, entering new information into memory, comprehending language...
  43. 43PARIETAL LOBESBrain lobes at the top, rear of the brain.
    Many functions: attention, arithmetic, touch, registering spatial location...
  44. 44FRONTAL LOBESBrain lobes located behind the forehead, critically involved in planning, memory search, motor control, speech control, reasoning, emotions
  45. 45FOREBRAINCortex, thalamus, limbic system and basal ganglia
  46. 46THALAMUSMessages are received, redirected to the appropriate destination.
    Sensory systems, motor systems that control muscles have connections here, before routing to other parts of the brain.
    Role in controlling sleep, attention
  47. 47HYPOTHALAMUSSits under the thalamus.
    Critical for mantaining bodily functions
  48. 48HIPPOCAMPUSPlays a key role in allowing us to enter new information into the brain´s memory bank.
    Triggers processes that store new infomation elsewhere in the brain
  49. 49AMYGDALAPlays a special role in strong emotions.
    Affects whether a person can correctly interpret emotions in facial expression
  50. 50LIMBIC SYSTEMHippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus
  51. 51BASAL GANGLIAOuter sides of thalami.
    Involved in planning and producing movement.
    Play a central role in learning habits (not learning facts).
    Relies on dopamine
  52. 52NUCLEUS ACCUMBENSPart of the basal ganglia.
    Needs dopamine for operation.
    Play a crucial role in the brain´s response to reward, anticipation of reward
  53. 53MEDULLALowest part of the brainsem.
    Important in automatic control of breathing, swallowing, blood circulation
  54. 54PONSBridge connecting the medulla and midbrain.
    Connects the upper parts of the brain to the cerebellum.
    Involved in a variety of functions
  55. 55CEREBELLUMPhysical coordination, estimating time, paying attention
  56. 56HINDBRAINMedulla, pons, cerebellum, parts of the reticular formation
  57. 57MIDBRAINGrouping of the remaining brainstem structures
  58. 58HORMONESChemicals that are produced by a gland and can act as a neurotransmitter substance.
    Affect organs of the body, thoughts, feelings, behavior
  59. 59NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEMMakes hormones that affects many bodily funcions.
    Provides CNS with information
  60. 60PITUITARY GLANDRegulates other glands, but it iself controlled by the brain
  61. 61LESIONRegion of impaired brain tissue
  62. 62ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHMachine that records electrical activity in the brain
  63. 63ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (EEG)Tracing of brain waves of electrical fluctuation over time
  64. 64MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY (MEG)Technique for assessing brain activity that relies on recording magnetic waves produced by neural activity.
    Good for recording very fast changes in neural firing
  65. 65COMPUTER-ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT OR CAT)Neuroimaging technique that produces a 3D image of brain structures using X-rays
  66. 66MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)Technique that uses magnetic properties of atoms to take sharp pictures of the 3D structure of the brain
  67. 67POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET)Neuroimaging technique that uses small amounts of a radioactive substance to track blood flow or enery consumption in the brain
  68. 68FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (fMRI)Type of MRI that detects the amount of oxygen being brought to particular praces in the brain, which indicates how active those neurons are
  69. 69TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION (TMS)Technique in which the brain is stimulated from outside by putting a coil on a person´s head and delivering a magnetic pulse
  70. 70MENDELIAN INHERITANCEThe transmission of characteristics by individual elements of inheritance, each acting separately
  71. 71GENEStretch of the DNA molecule that produces a specific protein
  72. 72GENOTYPEGenetic code within an organism
  73. 73PHENOTYPEObservable structure and behavior of an organism
  74. 74COMPLEX INHERITANCE/ POLYGENETIC INHERITANCETransmission of characteristics by the joint action of combinations of gener working together
  75. 75PLASTICIYBrain´s ability to change as a result of experience; pruning and adding new connections
  76. 76PASSIVE INTERACTIONOccurs when genetically shaped behavioral tendencies of parents or siblings produce an environment that is passively received by the child
  77. 77BEHAVIORAL GENETICSField in which researchers attempt to determine the extent to which the differences among people´s behaviors and psychological characteristics are due to their different genes or to differences in their environments
  78. 78HERITABILITYDegree to which the variability of a characteristic or ability in a population is due to genetics, given a specific environment
  79. 79EVOLUTIONGene-based changes in the characteristics or abilities of members of a species over successive generations
  80. 80NATURAL SELECTIONOccurs when individuals with inherited characteristics that contribute to survival have more offspring, and over time those characteristics come to be widespread in a population
  81. 81ADAPTATIONAn inherited characteristic that increases an organism´s ability to survive and reproduce successfully

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BIOPSYCHOLOGY Karteikarten am IMPORTANT TERMS PSYCHOBIOLOGY , erstellt von Nuria Nácher Soler am 30/12/2019.
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