Karteikarten
Late Republic
Karten in diesem Stapel (75)
- 1Pergamum bequeathed to the Romans in this year133 B.C.E
- 2latifundialarge agricultural estates: profound Roman impact on rural landscape 2nd c BC - 1st c AD
- 3Villa (pl. villae)‘countryhouse’ modern equivalent
- 4villa rusticavilla in the open countryside
- 5pars urbanamain house
- 6pars rusticafarmhouse
- 7villa maritimaseaside villa
- 8Mos Maiorum1) Traditional moral values of an archaic agrarian society
2) Venerated traditions handed over through generations that Romans did not dare to violate - 9FidesValue that establishes the relationship
between two parties. ‘Trust’ based on reciprocity
Family, Amicitia and Patronage - 10PietasPius (piare =‘to purify’). Moral purity obtained by fulfilling one’s duties towards the gods and other men
- 11Mos Maiorum System of Virtues1) Industria
2) Gravitas
3) Probitas
4) Pudor
5) Frugalitas - 12Imperiumthe supreme power of command in war and the interpretation and execution of law
- 13The Gracchi Brothers FatherTiberius Sempronius Gracchus (tribune of the plebs, praetor, consul and censor)
- 14The Gracchi Brothers MotherCornelia, daughter of Scipio Africanus
- 15Tiberius Gracchusproposed law which allowed landowners to retain 1000 iugera of land, plus an additional 500 iugera for each son up to a total of 2000 iugera
- 16OctaviusSenators ‘hired’ Octavius, another tribune to veto land reforms. Tiberius deposed Octavius by plebiscite and his law passed
- 17Senate response to land reformsThe Senate threatened prosecution after Tiberius's term as a tribune ended. Tiberius declared his intention to stand for a second term. Senators beat Tiberius and 300 of his followers to death with bench legs
- 18Tiberius Gracchus Breach of Mos Maiorum1) Rejects collegiality (deposes a colleague)
2) Limit of tenure (wants to be reelected)
3) Bypasses the Senate in introducing the law
4) Makes treasury decisions reserved to the Senate - 19Senate Breach of Mos Maiorum1) Interferes in Council of the Plebs
2) Violence against a Tribune of the Plebs within the city
3) Murder of a Roman citizen holding office without trial - 20Gaius GracchusIn 123 B.C.E. took the same office as his brother, as a tribune for the plebeians.
- 21more radical than Tiberius, despised the senators and hence was considered more dangerous than his brotherGaius Gracchus
- 22Gaius opposed senatorial influenceHe courted the support of the equestrians (publicani) to weaken the Senate
- 23implemented popular reforms on grain prices for the urban populace and proposed citizenship for Ius Latii communitiesGaius Gracchus
- 24consul L. Opimiuswith senatorial support, a senatus consultum optimum, killed Gracchus and 3,000 of his supporters.
- 25Aftermath of Gracchi: Populares•Foster the rights of the popular assemblies
•‘Popular measures’: Promote land distribution and debt cancellation
•subsidized (or free) grain
•Promote rights of the equites
•Fight against senatorial corruption
•Minority faction in the senate - 26Aftermath of Gracchi: Optimates•Called themselves"boni" (= good men), optimates = best men
•Senatorial auctoritas and prestige
•Rights of private property
•Maintain oligarchy and status quo - 27Purpose of Optimates1) control Senate
2) Wealth = power
3) Reputation = dignitas of upperclass - 28Marius1) 157-86 BCE. Came from Arpinum
2) Novus homo (new man; i.e. not belonging to an aristocratic family)
3) Early political career lackluster - 29Marius as a victorious general1) Jugurtha in Numidia (111-105 B.C.)
2) Gallic tribes (Cimbri and Teutones) invading Italy defeat three Roman armies s (113-101 B.C.)
3) Romans elect Marius consul consecutively from 104 to 100 B.C.E. He defeats the Gallic invaders and becomes a people’s hero - 30Marius made an alliance with two populares Saturninus and Glauciawanted to get distribution of land to his veterans
- 31Gaius MemmiusOptimate candidate, beaten to death by agents of Saturninus and Glaucia during the election
- 32Senate declared them public enemies. They took refuge in the Capitol and were killed after surrenderingSaturninus and Glaucia
- 33Marius retires from public lifeembarassed by his alliance with Saturninus and Glaucia
- 34Marius ’ reforms in the Army1) Abolishes property qualifications
2) Accepts volunteer enlistment (capite censi, poorest citizens)
3) Creates standing legions with their own standards
4) Army becomes very professionalized - 35Unforeseen consequences of military reform1) Legions become loyal to their commander rather than the Roman State.
2) Landless soldiery depends on patronage of commander to get land. - 36Sulla1) Lived138– 78 B.C.E.
2) Came from an aristocratic family
3) Served under Marius in Jugurtha’s war (111-107 B.C.E. )
4) general during Social Wars (90/89 BC). - 37Social Wars (90/89 BC)In 91 B.C.E, a tribune who wanted to enfranchise Rome’s Italian allies was assassinated. War between Rome and Italian allies ensues. Marius and Sulla, generals in the war.
- 38Ca. 88 B.C.E Mithridates, hellenistic king1) Wants to be hero of the subjugated Greeks
2) Attacks Romans citizens in Greece
3) Murders 80,000 R. citizens in Asia Minor - 39Sulla elected consul in 88 B.C.ESenate gives him command of army against Mithridates.
- 40Marius's reaction to Senate giving command of army to Sullahires a tribune of the plebs to assign command of the army to himself
- 41Unprecedented event in Roman historyNo general before Sulla had ever crossed the pomoerium (sacred boundary of the city) with an army.
- 42marches against Rome with six legions of his veterans from the Social Wars. expels and hunts down Marius and his followers whom he calls a tyrantSulla
- 43POMERIUMSACRED BOUNDARY OF ROME
- 44POMERIUM rules1) Limits disputed but did not coincide with Servian Wall
2) No armies within pomerium
3) No burials within pomerium
4) Only dictator's lictors carry fasces containing axes.
5) Other magistrates resign imperium after crossing it - 45At the end of 87 BC Marius returns to Rome in Sulla's absenceHe regains control of the city with support from Lucius Cornelius Cinna
- 46Marius and Cinna elected consuls for the year 86 B.C.E.Marius dies soon after.
Cinna left in sole control of Rome while Sulla is in Greece and Asia fighting Mithridates - 47Sulla’s victories against Mithridates(1) Siege of Athens.
(2) Battle of Chaeronea.
(3) Battle of Orchomenus. Romans conquer back Greece . - 48FlaccusCinna sends him as a general to relieve Sulla from command but is assassinated by his lieutenant
- 49Negotiations with MithridatesSulla imposes heavy indemnity on Greek subjects
- 50Cinna assassinatedSulla comes back to Italy and marches against Rome a second time
- 51Sulla’s second march against Rome1) Becomes dictator (81-79 B.C.E). Retired from public life in 79 B.C.E
2) Proscriptions: Murders and auctions property of Marians and their allies. About 9,000 Romans were killed
3) Introduces reforms to strengthen Senate.
Increases number to 600 members
4) Weakens assemblies - 52How did Sulla weaken the assemblies?1) Tribunes cannot initiate legislation
2) Tribunes cannot hold subsequent office - 53ProscriptionsMaking lists of enemies to kill them
- 54Consequences of First Civil War1) Roman army no longer under State’s power. Legions loyal to commander not the State.
2) Violence to eliminate political opponents seen as normal
3) Proscriptions: Making lists of enemies to kill them
4) Senate is weakened. Successful generals acquire enormous power
5) Pomerium not sacred
6) Corruption in upper-classes widespread. Urban populace used for the political advancement of individual Romans - 5578 B.C.E., Lepidus (consul in 79 B.C.E.)a former Sullan turned popularis returns from his province in Transalpine Gaul. Camps in front of the city. He is defeated on the Campus Martius
- 56Sertoriusa former Marian, ‘secedes’ from Rome and builds a stable government in Spain (78-73 B.C.E). He is finally murdered by allies
- 57Spartacus73-71 B.C.E. Slave revolt led by an ex-gladiator . After initial victories he is defeated by former Sullans Crassus and Pompey
- 5870 B.C.E Pompey and Crassusformer ‘Sullans’ camp outside Rome and independently ‘ask’ for consulships. Pompey had never held previous magistracies before
- 5963 B.C.E. Catilinarian ConspiracyA desperado of patrician origin who had lost three times the consulship election conspires with other men to take over the Roman Government. Cicero discovers his intentions and exposes him in the Senate.
- 6060 B.C.E. Pompey, Crassus and Caesarform the first ‘Triumvarate’, an informal alliance to control the Republic
- 61Crassus1) Former ‘Sullan’
2) Made his money during the proscriptions
3) Rented slaves
4) Defeated Spartacus in slave revolt (73-71)
5) Wants to emulate military success of the other triumvirs. Invades Partian Empire but is defeated at Carrhae - 62Pompey1) Loyalty wavers between populares and optimates
2) Very successful general
3) builds power base in the East
4) Has private army - 63Pompey builds power base in the East1) Defeats pirates
2) Conquers new provinces: Pontus and Syria
3) Has client states: Armenia and Judea - 64Caesar1) Initially backedby Crassus
2) popularis
3) aedile (65)
4) consul (59)
5) Pro-consul in Gaul (58-49)
6) Conquers the rest of Gaul for the Romans
7) Has private army - 65Optimatessupporters of the Senate
- 66Cato the YoungerVery strict and frugal, admired by his fellow Optimates
- 67Ciceroconsul (63 B.C.E.) Uncovers Catilinarian Conspiracy
- 68“First Triumvirate” private agreement (60)1) Pompey: land for veterans
2) Crassus: tax contracts
3) Caesar: consulship - 69“First Triumvirate” renewed at Luca (56)1) Pompey & Crassus consuls
2) Caesar's governorship extended
3) Pompey gets Spain
4) Crassus gets Syria - 70End of “Triumvirate”1) 54 B.C.E. death of Julia, daughter of Caesar, wife of Pompey
2)53 B.C.E. Crassus is killed at Carrhae
3) 52 B.C.E. Rioting and gang warfare in Rome. Senate asks Pompey to restore order. He is elected sole consul
4) 50 B.C.E. Pompey moves closer to Optimates - 71Conflict of forceful personalities1) Pompey: senatorial authority
2) Caesar: fight for his dignitas and the dignitas
of the Roman people
3) Cicero: they both want dominatio - 7250 BC Caesar’s 2nd consulship?1) Caesar fears trial: Refuses to disband army - Offers compromise
2) Senate refuses
3) Declares Caesar public enemy
4) Tribunes veto declaration
5) Senate drives tribunes out of Rome
6) Tribunes flee to Caesar - 7349 B.C.E.: Caesar versus Pompey1) Crosses Rubicon, invades Italy
2) Pharsalus (48) Pompey defeated
3)Egypt Pompey killed
4) Alexandrine War: Caesar stays with Cleopatra
5) General Amnesty under Caesar’s dictatorship
6) Caesar, sole master of Rome - 74Pharsalus (48)Pompey defeated
- 75Egypt Caesar versus PompeyPompey killed
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- College Intro to Roman Civilization Karteikarten am Late Republic, erstellt von LemonKing am 20/02/2014.
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- LemonKing
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