Karteikarten
Martin Luther King and peaceful protest 1955-68
Karten in diesem Stapel (12)
- 1MLK summary1955-68 generally recognised as the high point of the modern civil rights movement, inspired by MLK's commitment to peaceful protest
He was inspired by Jesus & Gandhi
Believed peaceful protests would demonstrate the dignity of the protesters & barbaric nature of racists opposed to CRs
Put moral pressure on authorities to recognise the rights of black Americans - 2Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955-56 summaryDecember 1955 Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger on a segregated bus
Local activists immediately organised a boycott in protest at bus segregation
Lasted just over a year, 85% AAs in Montgomery refused to use the bus
Same time NAACP fought court case Browder v Gayle 1956 challenging legality of segregation on public transport - 3Significance of Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955-56highlighted economic power of AAs - during protest bus company lost $250,000 revenue
Attracted lots of good media attention which put pressure on the bus company to change
Demonstrated effectiveness of coupling peaceful protest with legal action
Launched MLKs career & created foundation for Southern Christian leadership Conference (SCLC) - 4Browder v Gayle 1956NAACP case Browder v Gayle successful
Established segregation on public transport illegal - de jure
Montgomery Bus Company desegregated their buses 21st December 1956 - 5Little Rock 1957 summaryBrown v Board 1954 ruled school segregation illegal - de jure not de facto
9 black students attempted to enrol in all white school Little Rock High School in Arkansas
Students prevented from enrolling by white mob & National Guard who Faubus, governor of Arkansas called in
Following media attention Eisenhower ordered National Guard to protect the students& let them enrol
Faubus then closed all schools in Little Rock claiming desegregation would result in racial violence - 6Little Rock 1957 achievements/significanceNAACP challenged school closure in Cooper v Aaron 1958 - SC ruled it was illegal to prevent desegregation for any reason
Protest showed effectiveness of using peaceful protest to test SC rulings-Brown
Forced Eisenhower to intervene in defence of CRs
Showed lengths white racists were willing to go to prevent desegregation - 7Greensboro sit ins 1960 summaryFebruary 1st 1960
Inspired by MLK
Attempt to force desegregation of a lunch counter in a Woolworths store in Greensboro, North Carolina
Began with 4 black students, 4 days in 300 students, end of week Woolworths closed lunch counter rather than desegregate
Inspired similar sit ins across South, many organised by SCLC - 8Greensboro sit ins 1960 achievementsGreensboro Woolworth's store desegregated 25th July, 6 months later
By beginning 1962 70,000 people, black & white, had taken part in some kind of protest against segregation
Consequently by end of 1961, 810 towns in South had desegregated public places - 9Greensboro sit ins 1960 significanceSuccess of sit ins led to foundation of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Demonstrated continuing media interest in the Civil Rights movement
Highlighted economic power of AAs - Woolworth's lost 1/3 profit during protests
Showed widespread willingness of young black people to stand up for their rights
Eisenhower publicly expressed support for those campaigning for civil rights - 10Freedom Rides 1961 summary1946 case Morgan v Virginia ruled interstate transport should be desegregated but said nothing about facilities eg waiting rooms
NAACP returned to court to force this in Boynton v Virginia 1960 & won
Both cases resulted in de jure victories, little immediate de facto change
Inspired by Journey of Reconciliation CORE mounted the Freedom Rides
7 black & 6 white activists took bus journeys across the South, encountering enormous white violence eg beatings & firebombs
MLK spoke out against the violence & in support of the Freedom Riders - 11Freedom Rides 1961 achievementsFederal government promised to enforce desegregation of interstate buses & bus facilities
By September 1961 all signs of enforcing segregation had been removed from interstate transport - 12Freedom Rides 1961 significanceDemonstrated unity between civil rights organisations - CORE, SNCC & the SCLC all contributed
The violent reaction to the protest forced JFK to act
He was reluctant to support direct action & offered them grants to abandon the campaign & focus on a voter registration drive
After the protest he asked for a period of "cooling off" by which he mean an end to direct action campaigns
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- - civil rights Karteikarten am Martin Luther King and peaceful protest 1955-68, erstellt von Angelica Tsapparelli am 17/03/2017.
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- Angelica Tsapparelli
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