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Aggression

Jade Wilson Psychology A level Englisch 67 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (67)

  1. 1AggressionThe intention to harm someone verbally or physically
  2. 2Limbic system AmygdalaResponsible for quickly evaluating the emotional importance of sensory information and promoting an appropriate response
  3. 3The role of the amygdala in aggression SupportFound that reduced amygdala volume can predict the development of severe and persistent aggression. Participants with lower amygdala volumes exhibited higher levels of aggression
  4. 4Limbic system HippocampusInvolved with the formation of long-term memories and allows an animal to compare conditions of a current threat with similar past experiences
  5. 5The role of the hippocampus in aggression SupportTwo groups of violent criminals. 1 group considered to be 'cold' criminals, whereas the other group had acted more impulsively. MRI scans revealed asymmetries in the 'unsuccessful' group
  6. 6Limbic system SerotoninIn normal levels, exerts a calming, inhibitory effect of neuronal firing. Typically inhibits the firing of the amygdala, low levels remove this inhibitory effect, with the consequence that individual are less able to control impulsive behaviour
  7. 7The role of serotonin in aggression SupportMeta-analysis involving 6500 participants. Found a small inverse relationship between serotonin levels and aggression, this magnitude of the relationship varied with the methods used to assess serotonin functioning, with years of publication and self-reporting
  8. 8The role of serotonin in non-human animals aggressionMonkeys with lowest serotonin more aggressive.
    More likely to fight, more injured and die young.
    Female monkeys with low serotonin are likely to get injured and die young.
  9. 9Hormonal explanations TestosteroneA hormone from the androgen group that is produced mainly in the small testis (smaller amounts in female ovaries) that is associated with aggressiveness. Testosterone levels change throughout the course of the day
  10. 10The role of testosterone in aggression SupportSummarised research evidence by describing how removing the source of testosterone in different species typically resulted in much lower levels of aggression
  11. 11The role of testosterone in aggression SupportMeasured salivary testosterone in violent and non-violent criminals, those with the highest testosterone levels had a history of primarily violent crimes, whereas those with the lowest levels had committed only non-violent crimes
  12. 12The role of cortisol in aggression ArgumentHigh levels of testosterone lead to aggressive behaviour only when levels of cortisol are low, when cortisol is high, testosterone's influence on aggression is blocked
  13. 13Genetic explanations for aggression Twin studies50% of the variance in direct aggressive behaviour could be attributed to genetic factors
    MZ = 50%
    DZ = 20%
  14. 14Genetic explanations for aggression Adoption studiesA significant number of adopted boys with criminal convictions had biological parents (particularly fathers) with convictions for criminal violence, providing evidence for a genetic effect
  15. 15MAOAAn enzyme that breaks down serotonin
  16. 16BrunnersMale members behaved in a particularly violent and aggressive manner, and a large proportion had been involved in serious crimes of violence, including rape and arson. These men were found to have abnormally low levels of MAOA
  17. 17Caspi et alInvolved 500 male children, researchers discovered a variation of the gene associated with high levels of MAOA and a variation were significantly more likely to grow up to exhibit anti-social behaviour but only if they had been mistreated as children
  18. 18Warrior gene MAMO-LMore frequent in populations with a history of warfare, about two-thirds of people in these population have this gene. Only one-third in Western populations have this low-activity version of the gene
  19. 19Evaluation of genetic explanationsMore than one gene usually contributes to a given behaviour
  20. 20Evaluation of genetic explanationsAs well as genetic factors, there are more non-genetic influences on the manifestation of aggressive behaviour
  21. 21Evaluation of genetic explanationsThese influences may interact with each other, genetic factors may affect which environmental factors have an influence and vise versa
  22. 22Ethological explanations to aggressionLorenz proposed that certain behaviour patterns are inherited. Innate behaviours appear in the form of reflexes and fixed action patterns.
  23. 23Why don't animals fight to the death?Animals don't fight to the death as the purpose of them fighting is to try and live a better life by gaining something, therefore it is not worth the risk of death
  24. 24IRM and FAP ProceduresMale sticklebacks are highly territorial during the spring mating season, when they also develop a red spot on their underbelly. If another male enters their territory, a sequence of highly-stereotyped aggressive behaviours is initiated
  25. 25IRM and FAP FindingsRegardless of shape, if the model has a red spot the stickleback would aggressively display and even attack it. Butt if there was no red spot, there was no aggression ,even if the model looked realistically like a stickleback,
  26. 26What does this suggest about aggressive behaviour?This suggests that aggressive behaviour is innate in some animals in order to gain resources and females
  27. 27How can this study explain human aggression?This an explain human aggression as humans could also be aggressive in order to impress a female or to protect/gain resources
  28. 28Evolutionary explanations for aggression Darwin - survival of the fittestAggression is an adaptive response for survival which would have shown benefits for our ancestor, early humans would have used aggression to gain or defend resources, intimidate rivals or deter mates
  29. 29Evolutionary explanations of sexual jealousyPaternity uncertainty is a result of the very real threat for the male of cuckoldry. Any investment in offspring that do not share the male's genes is a waste of his resources. Men in our evolutionary past who could avoid cuckoldry were more reproductively successful
  30. 30Frustration-aggression hypothesisIf you are frustrated you will become aggressive
  31. 31The cause of frustration may be abstractVoting several times for your favourite at and they come in second place
  32. 32The cause may be too powerful and we risk punishmentA teacher harshly marking an essay but you are unable to be aggressive as you might be exluded
  33. 33The cause may be unavailable at the timeA teacher emailing you that you have failed and then blocking you so you can't email them back
  34. 34Geen Jigsaw puzzles (procedure)Condition 1 = puzzle was impossible.
    Condition 2 = ran out of time because another student kept interfering.
    Condition 3 = confederate took to insulting the participants as they failed to solve the puzzle
    Next day = gave electric shocks when they made a mistake
  35. 35Geen Jigsaw puzzles (findings)The insulted participants gave the strongest shocks on average, followed by the interfered group, then the impossible group. All three groups selected more intense shocks than a non-frustrated control group
  36. 36Social learning theory AttentionThe learner must pay attention to the behaviour being modelled
    e.g. children crowd around to watch a fight
  37. 37Social learning theory RetentionThe learner must remember the behaviour that has been modelled
    e.g. the child remembers the crowd
  38. 38Social learning theory ReproductionThe learner must be physically capable of performing the behaviour
    e.g. if they hit someone they might get the same attention
  39. 39Social learning theory MotivationThey must have a reason to imitate the behaviour being modelled
    e.g. the attention and encouragement from peers
  40. 40Social learning theory ObservationWatching the behaviour of role models and then imitating that behaviour
  41. 41Social learning theory Vicarious reinforcementWatching others being rewarded or punished and more than likely imitating the rewarded behaviour
  42. 42Social learning theory Mental representationExpectancies of future outcomes
  43. 43Social learning theory Production of behaviour (maintenance through direct experience)If a child is rewarded for a behaviour, they are likely to repeat the same action in similar situations
  44. 44Social learning theory Production of behaviour (self-efficacy expectancies)Children develop confidence in their ability to carry out the necessary aggressive actions
  45. 45Social learning theory Support (Bobo doll)Children who observed aggressive role-model all imitated the aggressive behaviour while those who observed the kind behaviour showed no aggressive behaviour
  46. 46De-individuationA psychological state in which an individual loses their personal identity and takes on the identity of the social group
  47. 47Private self-awarenessHow we pay attention to our own feelings and behaviour, this is reduced when we're part of a crowd. Attention becomes focused outwardly to the events around us, making us pay less attention to our own beliefs
  48. 48Public self-awarenessHow much we care about what others think of out behaviour and this is reduced in crowds, we realise that we are just one individual among many and that we are anonymous and our behaviour is less likely to be judged, we no longer care about how others see us
  49. 49Zimbardo Stanford PrisonGuards acted aggressively towards other participants
  50. 50Zimbardo AO34 female undergraduates had to give electric shocks to other students to 'aid learning'. The hooded participants with no name tags were more likely to press a button that they believed would be giving shocks to a 'victim', held the button down 2x as long
  51. 51Institutional aggressionAn institute usually refers to an organisation or place of confinement with it's own social roles where behaviour is formally restricted. Aggressive behaviour that takes place within the social context of a prison
  52. 52Instrumental aggressionPremeditated aggression that is carried out in order to achieve a specific goal
    e.g. being aggressive to the cook in prison for more food
  53. 53Hostile aggressionViolent attitudes or actions that are associated with anger and a desire to dominate a situation or others. It displays itself in verbal, non-verbal and physical ways and holds the intention of causing harm
  54. 54DispositionPersonality that is causing aggression
  55. 55Dispositional explanation of aggressionPersonality is making you aggressive and are pre-dispositioned to be this way
  56. 56Situational explanations of aggressionOnly aggressive in the environment/situation you are in and the people around you
  57. 57Importation modelThe violence and aggression found in prisons is imported from the social world outside, the institution does not cause aggression but the inmates import aggression from their own social backgrounds
  58. 58Research for the importation modelInmates were more likely to engage in suicidal activity and sexual misconduct, and committed more acts of physical violence that were brought to the attention of the parole board
  59. 59Deprivation modelSituational factors are more important in causing aggression than dispositional factors, the institution deprives the prisoner of personal freedom and individual rights
  60. 60Skyes 5 deprivationsLoss of liberty
    Loss of autonomy
    Loss of security
    Loss of goods and services
    Loss of heterosexual relationships
  61. 61DesensitiseUnder normal conditions, anxiety about violence inhibits its use, media violence may lead to aggressive behaviour by removing this anxiety
  62. 62DesensitisationWhen we witness violent actions the sympathetic nervous system kicks in and we experience physiological bodily changes - after repeatedly viewing this violence we become habituated to its effects
  63. 63LinzA reduction in physiological arousal when individuals are exposed to real violence after having been repeatedly exposed to media violence is an indication that desensitisation has occurred
  64. 64DisinhibitionViolence is portrayed in the media as being 'normal' behaviour - the effects of violence are minimised and therefore new social norms can be created for the viewer
  65. 65Immediate effectViolent game
    Increased physiological arousal
    Inhibitions temporarily supressed
    Aggression
  66. 66Long term effectRepetitive violence in the media
    Aggression seems normal
    No real justification or consequence
    No concern for consequence in real life
    Repetitive aggression
  67. 67Cognitive primingConstant exposure to violent media
    Activated aggressive thoughts
    Primes the viewer for other aggressive thoughts in real life

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Beschreibung
A level Psychology Karteikarten am Aggression, erstellt von Jade Wilson am 22/06/2017.
Erstellt von
Jade Wilson
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