Fichas
Aggression
Fichas del conjunto (67)
- 1AggressionThe intention to harm someone verbally or physically
- 2Limbic system AmygdalaResponsible for quickly evaluating the emotional importance of sensory information and promoting an appropriate response
- 3The role of the amygdala in aggression SupportFound that reduced amygdala volume can predict the development of severe and persistent aggression. Participants with lower amygdala volumes exhibited higher levels of aggression
- 4Limbic system HippocampusInvolved with the formation of long-term memories and allows an animal to compare conditions of a current threat with similar past experiences
- 5The role of the hippocampus in aggression SupportTwo groups of violent criminals. 1 group considered to be 'cold' criminals, whereas the other group had acted more impulsively. MRI scans revealed asymmetries in the 'unsuccessful' group
- 6Limbic system SerotoninIn normal levels, exerts a calming, inhibitory effect of neuronal firing. Typically inhibits the firing of the amygdala, low levels remove this inhibitory effect, with the consequence that individual are less able to control impulsive behaviour
- 7The role of serotonin in aggression SupportMeta-analysis involving 6500 participants. Found a small inverse relationship between serotonin levels and aggression, this magnitude of the relationship varied with the methods used to assess serotonin functioning, with years of publication and self-reporting
- 8The role of serotonin in non-human animals aggressionMonkeys with lowest serotonin more aggressive.
More likely to fight, more injured and die young.
Female monkeys with low serotonin are likely to get injured and die young. - 9Hormonal explanations TestosteroneA hormone from the androgen group that is produced mainly in the small testis (smaller amounts in female ovaries) that is associated with aggressiveness. Testosterone levels change throughout the course of the day
- 10The role of testosterone in aggression SupportSummarised research evidence by describing how removing the source of testosterone in different species typically resulted in much lower levels of aggression
- 11The role of testosterone in aggression SupportMeasured salivary testosterone in violent and non-violent criminals, those with the highest testosterone levels had a history of primarily violent crimes, whereas those with the lowest levels had committed only non-violent crimes
- 12The role of cortisol in aggression ArgumentHigh levels of testosterone lead to aggressive behaviour only when levels of cortisol are low, when cortisol is high, testosterone's influence on aggression is blocked
- 13Genetic explanations for aggression Twin studies50% of the variance in direct aggressive behaviour could be attributed to genetic factors
MZ = 50%
DZ = 20% - 14Genetic explanations for aggression Adoption studiesA significant number of adopted boys with criminal convictions had biological parents (particularly fathers) with convictions for criminal violence, providing evidence for a genetic effect
- 15MAOAAn enzyme that breaks down serotonin
- 16BrunnersMale members behaved in a particularly violent and aggressive manner, and a large proportion had been involved in serious crimes of violence, including rape and arson. These men were found to have abnormally low levels of MAOA
- 17Caspi et alInvolved 500 male children, researchers discovered a variation of the gene associated with high levels of MAOA and a variation were significantly more likely to grow up to exhibit anti-social behaviour but only if they had been mistreated as children
- 18Warrior gene MAMO-LMore frequent in populations with a history of warfare, about two-thirds of people in these population have this gene. Only one-third in Western populations have this low-activity version of the gene
- 19Evaluation of genetic explanationsMore than one gene usually contributes to a given behaviour
- 20Evaluation of genetic explanationsAs well as genetic factors, there are more non-genetic influences on the manifestation of aggressive behaviour
- 21Evaluation of genetic explanationsThese influences may interact with each other, genetic factors may affect which environmental factors have an influence and vise versa
- 22Ethological explanations to aggressionLorenz proposed that certain behaviour patterns are inherited. Innate behaviours appear in the form of reflexes and fixed action patterns.
- 23Why don't animals fight to the death?Animals don't fight to the death as the purpose of them fighting is to try and live a better life by gaining something, therefore it is not worth the risk of death
- 24IRM and FAP ProceduresMale sticklebacks are highly territorial during the spring mating season, when they also develop a red spot on their underbelly. If another male enters their territory, a sequence of highly-stereotyped aggressive behaviours is initiated
- 25IRM and FAP FindingsRegardless of shape, if the model has a red spot the stickleback would aggressively display and even attack it. Butt if there was no red spot, there was no aggression ,even if the model looked realistically like a stickleback,
- 26What does this suggest about aggressive behaviour?This suggests that aggressive behaviour is innate in some animals in order to gain resources and females
- 27How can this study explain human aggression?This an explain human aggression as humans could also be aggressive in order to impress a female or to protect/gain resources
- 28Evolutionary explanations for aggression Darwin - survival of the fittestAggression is an adaptive response for survival which would have shown benefits for our ancestor, early humans would have used aggression to gain or defend resources, intimidate rivals or deter mates
- 29Evolutionary explanations of sexual jealousyPaternity uncertainty is a result of the very real threat for the male of cuckoldry. Any investment in offspring that do not share the male's genes is a waste of his resources. Men in our evolutionary past who could avoid cuckoldry were more reproductively successful
- 30Frustration-aggression hypothesisIf you are frustrated you will become aggressive
- 31The cause of frustration may be abstractVoting several times for your favourite at and they come in second place
- 32The cause may be too powerful and we risk punishmentA teacher harshly marking an essay but you are unable to be aggressive as you might be exluded
- 33The cause may be unavailable at the timeA teacher emailing you that you have failed and then blocking you so you can't email them back
- 34Geen Jigsaw puzzles (procedure)Condition 1 = puzzle was impossible.
Condition 2 = ran out of time because another student kept interfering.
Condition 3 = confederate took to insulting the participants as they failed to solve the puzzle
Next day = gave electric shocks when they made a mistake - 35Geen Jigsaw puzzles (findings)The insulted participants gave the strongest shocks on average, followed by the interfered group, then the impossible group. All three groups selected more intense shocks than a non-frustrated control group
- 36Social learning theory AttentionThe learner must pay attention to the behaviour being modelled
e.g. children crowd around to watch a fight - 37Social learning theory RetentionThe learner must remember the behaviour that has been modelled
e.g. the child remembers the crowd - 38Social learning theory ReproductionThe learner must be physically capable of performing the behaviour
e.g. if they hit someone they might get the same attention - 39Social learning theory MotivationThey must have a reason to imitate the behaviour being modelled
e.g. the attention and encouragement from peers - 40Social learning theory ObservationWatching the behaviour of role models and then imitating that behaviour
- 41Social learning theory Vicarious reinforcementWatching others being rewarded or punished and more than likely imitating the rewarded behaviour
- 42Social learning theory Mental representationExpectancies of future outcomes
- 43Social learning theory Production of behaviour (maintenance through direct experience)If a child is rewarded for a behaviour, they are likely to repeat the same action in similar situations
- 44Social learning theory Production of behaviour (self-efficacy expectancies)Children develop confidence in their ability to carry out the necessary aggressive actions
- 45Social learning theory Support (Bobo doll)Children who observed aggressive role-model all imitated the aggressive behaviour while those who observed the kind behaviour showed no aggressive behaviour
- 46De-individuationA psychological state in which an individual loses their personal identity and takes on the identity of the social group
- 47Private self-awarenessHow we pay attention to our own feelings and behaviour, this is reduced when we're part of a crowd. Attention becomes focused outwardly to the events around us, making us pay less attention to our own beliefs
- 48Public self-awarenessHow much we care about what others think of out behaviour and this is reduced in crowds, we realise that we are just one individual among many and that we are anonymous and our behaviour is less likely to be judged, we no longer care about how others see us
- 49Zimbardo Stanford PrisonGuards acted aggressively towards other participants
- 50Zimbardo AO34 female undergraduates had to give electric shocks to other students to 'aid learning'. The hooded participants with no name tags were more likely to press a button that they believed would be giving shocks to a 'victim', held the button down 2x as long
- 51Institutional aggressionAn institute usually refers to an organisation or place of confinement with it's own social roles where behaviour is formally restricted. Aggressive behaviour that takes place within the social context of a prison
- 52Instrumental aggressionPremeditated aggression that is carried out in order to achieve a specific goal
e.g. being aggressive to the cook in prison for more food - 53Hostile aggressionViolent attitudes or actions that are associated with anger and a desire to dominate a situation or others. It displays itself in verbal, non-verbal and physical ways and holds the intention of causing harm
- 54DispositionPersonality that is causing aggression
- 55Dispositional explanation of aggressionPersonality is making you aggressive and are pre-dispositioned to be this way
- 56Situational explanations of aggressionOnly aggressive in the environment/situation you are in and the people around you
- 57Importation modelThe violence and aggression found in prisons is imported from the social world outside, the institution does not cause aggression but the inmates import aggression from their own social backgrounds
- 58Research for the importation modelInmates were more likely to engage in suicidal activity and sexual misconduct, and committed more acts of physical violence that were brought to the attention of the parole board
- 59Deprivation modelSituational factors are more important in causing aggression than dispositional factors, the institution deprives the prisoner of personal freedom and individual rights
- 60Skyes 5 deprivationsLoss of liberty
Loss of autonomy
Loss of security
Loss of goods and services
Loss of heterosexual relationships - 61DesensitiseUnder normal conditions, anxiety about violence inhibits its use, media violence may lead to aggressive behaviour by removing this anxiety
- 62DesensitisationWhen we witness violent actions the sympathetic nervous system kicks in and we experience physiological bodily changes - after repeatedly viewing this violence we become habituated to its effects
- 63LinzA reduction in physiological arousal when individuals are exposed to real violence after having been repeatedly exposed to media violence is an indication that desensitisation has occurred
- 64DisinhibitionViolence is portrayed in the media as being 'normal' behaviour - the effects of violence are minimised and therefore new social norms can be created for the viewer
- 65Immediate effectViolent game
Increased physiological arousal
Inhibitions temporarily supressed
Aggression - 66Long term effectRepetitive violence in the media
Aggression seems normal
No real justification or consequence
No concern for consequence in real life
Repetitive aggression - 67Cognitive primingConstant exposure to violent media
Activated aggressive thoughts
Primes the viewer for other aggressive thoughts in real life
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- Descripción
- A level Psychology Fichas sobre Aggression, creado por Jade Wilson el 22/06/2017.
- Creado por
- Jade Wilson
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