Approaches & Methods for language acquisition

Approaches & Methods for language acquisition

1. Grammatical Approach

   • Grammar- Translation Method
     • Focused on language rules
     • Memorization of vocabulary
     • Application of language rules & exception to vocabulary to translate written text
       • Isolated sentences
       • Complex texts
       • Not for meaning
     • Focus was on grammatical accuracy
     • Students native language is not used
   • Focused on knowing about a language instead of emphasizing how to use the language for intended purpose, communication.
     • Thought that students first language "interferes" with new language acquisition and that both languages are structured differently; syntax rules can cause confusion
       • Memorization of language rules & sentence patterns
         • Nouns
         • Verbs
         • Conjuctions
         • Adjectives
         • Pronouns
         • Possessive
       • curriculum is sequenced and methodical
       • Instruction is isolated from meaningful context
       • Drills & practice focus on sentence structure
         • Agreement rule
         • Idiomatic usage
         • Does not provide comprehensible input
         • Strategies: Drills & practice Rote memorization
           • Techniques: Dialogue, Repetition, Mnemonics, Kinetics
   • Direct Method
     • Replaced Grammatical- Translation Method
       • Less focus on grammar rules & structure
     • Focus on repetition & memorization of L2 patterns
       • Vocabulary is taught in context through dialog and choral response
     • Inferred grammar through exposure of carefully sequenced, guided instruction of L2
       • Teacher models & student practices language patterns
         • The goal is to internalize grammatical patterns
     • Students native language is not used
       • Translation is discouraged
     • Objects, photos, diagrams,& drawings used to help comprehension
   • Audiolingual Method
     • Material presented though dialogue
       • Consistent teacher feedback
     • Acquisition is "habit" formed
       • Thought that second language would become a habit through drills and dialogue which would develope language structures
         • Language acquisition through memorization & recall of L2 language patterns
     • Grammatical structures & vocabulary are taught in a highly sequential manner
       • Skills are sequenced- listening, speaking, reading, & writing
     • Use of L1 is permitted by teacher only

2. Communicative Approach

   • Focus on learning second language through communication & for communication
   • Communication for purpose
     • language embedded in social contexts
   • Provides context for authentic communication
   • Language occurs when comprehensible input is received
     • language rich environment
   • Student creates & tests language hypotheses through interactions in authentic, language-rich, low-anxiety language acquisition environments
     • student centered/ teacher facilitated language instruction
       • Strategies: Scaffolding, Gaurded Vocabulary, Cooperative learning, Hands-on activities
         • Techniques: Reduced use of idioms, Manipulatives & realia, Simulations/ Big books, Heterogeneous grouping
   • fosters second language acquisition methods & strategies that mirrored the way the first language was learned
     • focus on communication rather than rules
   • Silent Way Method
     • Student observes: What did you witness?
       • Teacher silence is suppose to encourage student initiative, language production, & linguistic interaction
     • L1 not used
     • Focus on pronunciation & word flow
       • Listening, speaking, correction
   • Natural Way or Natural Approach
     • Comprehension precedes production
     • Natural progression leads to production in stages
     • Goals guide instruction
       • Speaking, reading, & writing
     • Activities designed to lower affective filter
       • Teacher creates meaningful communication
         • Teacher modifies the language to language learners comprehension level
   • Suggestopedia Method
     • Emphasis on learner personality & motivation to knowledge
     • What can be learned intuitively & spontaneously
     • Create relaxing, stress-free learning environment
       • Music playing in background
       • Visual aids to suppprt meaning of text
     • Student can use L1
       • Translation of text in L1- then reread text in L2
         • Converse, retell, & role play
   • integrated Content-Based Method
     • Collaborative planning, thematic units
     • Emphasis on content & language objectives across curriculum
       • integration of content & language objectives into one lesson
   • Sheltered Instruction Method
     • Hands on application
       • social interaction
       • Cooperative learning
       • Gaurded vocabulary
       • Visual support
     • Integrate content & language objectives into the same lesson
       • Grade level content/ teacher scaffolds instruction
         • Provides comprehensible language input & modified grade level instruction

3. Cognitive Approach

   • Discovering, recognizing, conceiving, judging, reasoning, & reflecting
     • Active learning process
       • Social interaction
   • Focus on student thought process
     • Metacognition (thinking about thinking)
     • Reflection of knowledge
     • Access background knowledge
       • Calaboration with parents
   • Emphasis on background, interactions, memory, knowledge, thinking, process, as foundations for language acquisition success in the academic context
     • Scaffolding Instruction
       • Meaningful & relevant language instruction
         • Strategies: Cooperative learning, Explicit LS instruction, Maximizing content & language objectives
           • Techniques: KWL, Questioning, Word wall, Outlines
   • CALLA Method
     • Enrich the language that CLD student uses for academic communication
     • Focus on topics from the major content areas, development of academic language skills, & explicit instruction in learning strategies
     • Listening, speaking, reading, & writing
       • Intentional focus on CALP development in L1 & L2 as related to content areas
         • Focus on prior knowledge
     • Strategies emphasized on cognitive, metacognitive, & social/ affected strategies
       • Active learning

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