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Flashcards

Experimental Designs, Control + Sampling

Tasnim Quddus Psychology A level English 37 cards

Cards in this deck (37)

  1. 1WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS?> Independent Groups
    > Repeated Measures
    > Matched Pairs.
  2. 2INDPENDEDNT GROUPS:> Get a group of participants.
    > Divide them into 2 groups= A + B.
    > Group A= experiment set for condition 1 + group B= experiment set for condition 2.
    > Measure DV + compare results.
  3. 3INDEPENDENT GROUPS (STRENGTHS):> No order effects= participants only conduct experiment once= no fatigue/boredom.
    > Less chance of demand characteristucs= less opp to become aware of aim..
  4. 4INDEPENDENT GROUPS (WEAKNESSES):> Participant variables are introduced= diffs between conditions may be caused by the diff people instead of the IV.
    > + Particpants required.
  5. 5REPEATED MEASURES:> Get a group of participants.
    > Conduct experiment with IV set for condition ! + same group repeats exp with IV set for ocndition 2.
    > Measure DV + compare results.
  6. 6REPEATED MEASURES (STRENGTHS):> Individual differences are eliminated= only diffs between perfromances in each level of IV= experimenters manipulation.
    > Fewer participants required.
  7. 7REPEATED MEASURES (WEAKNESSES):> Order effects= e.g. Practice boredom/fatigue may occur ( can be controlled by counterbalancing).
    > Demand characteristics= participants take part in all conditions= may become aware of aims= alter behaviour.
  8. 8MATCHED PAIRS DESIGN:> Get a group of participants
    > Find out types of people in group.
    > Get another group matching them 1 for 1.
    > Treat experiment as individual measures.
    > Measure DV + compare results.
  9. 9MATCHED PAIRS DESIGN (STRENGTHS):> No order effect= participants conduct experiemnt once
    > No/ fewer demand cahracteristics= won't know aim of experiment.
    > Less individual diffs oompared to independent groups.
  10. 10MATCHED PAIRS DESIGN (WEAKNESSES):> Time consuming= Matching partner for eacg individual= time.
    > + People required= time-consuming.
  11. 11METHOD OF CONTROL: - COUNTER BALANCING:> Split group into 2 groups:
    - Sub group 1= condition A then B.
    - Sub group 2= condition B then A.
    > Controls order effects in repeated measures.
  12. 12METHOD OF CONTROL: - RANDOM ALLOCATION:1) No. of slips (20) in hat of participants names= 1st ten randomly picked= condition A + remaining 10= condition B.
    2) No. of slips (20) in hat either of condition A/B= participants randomly pick out slips from hat + placed in certain condition.
    > Reduces bias research= partcipants chosen randomly/ partcipants randomly choose conditions= researcher= no control.
  13. 13METHOD OF CONTROL: - STANDARDISATION:> Keeping all procedures, IV + instructions= same.
    > Try to ensure all partcipants subject to same environment, info + experiences as much as possible= do this by standardising procedures.
  14. 14METHOD OF CONTROL: - RANDOMISATION:> Use chance to determine order in which participants do experiment/shown info.
    > Anything presented to participants= random order.
  15. 15WHAT'S A TARGET POPULATION?> Group of people who are of interest to the study.
  16. 16WHAT IS A SAMPLE?> Section of target population that will take part in the study.
  17. 17WHAT IS A REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE?> When sample= representative to real population= findings can be generalised.
  18. 18WHAT ARE THE 5 TYPES OF SAMPLING?> Volunteer sampling
    Opportunity sampling
    > Systematic sampling
    > Random sampling
    > Stratified sampling
  19. 19WHAT IS OPPORTUNITY SAMPLING?> Approach anyone who happens to be avilable at a particular time + place.
    E.G. Ask people on street- nearby to take part in study.
  20. 20OPPORTUNITY SAMPLING (STRENGTHS):> Easiest method= use 1st few participants that you find= less time to locate sample than other techs.
  21. 21OPPORTUNITY SAMPLING (WEAKNESSES):> Less representative= sample taken only from small section of target population that's nearby.
    > Investigator bias= investigator may approach those who'll prove them with data= supports alternative hypothesis.
  22. 22VOLUNTEER SAMPLING:> Advetisement used to attract participants. E.g. Posters, emails.
  23. 23VOLUNTEER SAMPLING (STRENGTHS):> Easy method to use with less intial work involved than in random sampling= particpants come to you.
  24. 24VOLUNTEER SAMPLING (WEAKNESSES):> Not representative= only represents certain group based on where you advertise it E.G. Advertise on metro= only attracts metro readers.
    > People who want to participate will participate= not common of population.
  25. 25RANDOM SAMPLING:> Have to get a lsit of all the people in target population.
    > Put all names in hat + pull out as many as you need= will be in sample OR use computer programmes= generate random lists.
  26. 26RANDOM SAMPLING (STRENGTHS):> Unbiased= all members of targer population= equal chance of being selected.
  27. 27RANDOM SAMPLING (WEAKNESSES):> Difficult to get list of entire target population + time-consuming= have to get name of every single person that meets target population.
    > May not be representative of population= possible by chance= selected sample= biased anyways e.g. Too many males.
  28. 28SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING:> All names of people in target population needed e.g. Electoral register.
    > Every nth person= selected E.G. Every 3rd person.
    > People= contacted to take part in study.
  29. 29SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING (STRENGTHS):> Typically unbiased= participants selected using objective system ( every nth poerson).
  30. 30SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING ( WEAKNESSES):> Not truly random unless 1st person selected= randomly.
  31. 31STRATIFIED SAMPLING:> All names of people in target population needed e.g. Electoral register
    > Data about specific characteristics of people in target population e.g. gender.
    > Proportion of characteristics in target population calculated E.G. 60% FEMALE 40% MALE.
    > Same proportion applied to sample.
    > People= contacted to take part in study.
  32. 32STRATIFIED SAMPLING ( STRENGTHS):> Produces representative sample= designed to accurately reflect composition of population.
  33. 33STRATIFIED SAMPLING (WEAKNESSES):> Sub-divisions of participants can't be perfect= + ways that participants differ so complete representation= not possible.
  34. 34WHAT ARE PILOT STUDIES:> Small- scale trial run of study using small group of paricipants taken from target population.
  35. 35WHY DO PILOT STUDIES HELP?> Aims to improve quality of research= helps avoid unnecessary work + saves time + money.
    E.G. To test standardised instructions= clear + apprpriate lan used + test timings of tasks BUT doesn't tell
  36. 36ORDER EFFECTS:> Order that you do the conditions (e.g. doing condition A the B) may mean you're tired/bored/had practice= perform diff in 2nd condition.
  37. 37PARTICIPANT VARIABLES:> Differences between participants in 2 groups= different results= not due to IV.

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A level Psychology (RESEARCH METHODS) Flashcards on Experimental Designs, Control + Sampling, created by Tasnim Quddus on 03/02/2017.
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