Flashcards
Edexcel History A Germany - Hitler and the Rise of the Nazi Party
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- 1Origins of the Nazi party: Hitler-After the war, Hitler was given an army assignment checking up on and reporting back about extremist views
-One of these groups was the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (DAP) founded in January 1919 by Anton Drexler
-They blamed communists and socialists for bringing down the Kaiser
-The Weimar politicians for signing the TofV
-The Jews for undermining the German economy
-Hitler agreed with these views and joined, becoming the 7th committee member - 2Origins of the Nazi Party: 25-points-1920 Hitler was Drexler's right hand man
-Revealed the new 25-Point Programme of the DAP
This included:
-Scrapping the TofV
-Expanding Germany's borders to give Germans more Lebensraum
-Depriving Jews of German Citizenship
Made it clear that the DAP was willing to se force to acchieve these ideals - 3Origins of the Nazi Party: Growth-Hitler was an inspiring speaker which attracted new members
-Many Germans thought the WR was too weak
-Attracted to Hitler's views, vision and passionate speeches
-Especially attracting to Army, Police and Small Businesses
-Membership grew rapidly to 1100 in June 1920
-By the end of 1920 increased to 3000
-Boosted funds, enabling them to buy their Newspaper the Voelkischer Beobachter enabling them to spread their views - 4Origins of the Nazi Party: Changes-7th August 1920, at Hitler's suggestion, name changed to NSDAP (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei)
-Mid-1921 Hitler usurped Drexler as party Fuehrer
-Gathered loyal party leaders including:
-Ernst Roehm, soldier
-Hermann Goering, wealthy hero of the German Air Force
-Rudolf Hess, wealthy academic
-Also cultivated powerful friends like General Ludendorff, leader of the German Army in WW1 - 5Sturmabteilung-1921 Hitler created the SA
-Many came from the Freikorps
-Provided security at meetings and bodyguards for Nazi leaders
-Broke up meetings of opposition groups
-Many of them were thugs though so in 1923 Hitler took trusted members of the SA to create his own bodyguard - 6Impact of the Munich Putsch-Hitler used the trial to gain publicity
-As a result of the publicity they won their first seats in reichstag, 32 seats in 1924
-The ban on the NSDAP was weakly enforced and soon lifted
-Hitler released after only 9 months
-Wrote Mein Kampf which directed the Nazi Party
-Realised he needed a new approach to gain power, decided to gain power through the democracy rather than by force - 7Hitler's Views: Summary-Nationalism
-Socialism
-Totalitarianism
-Traditional German Values
-Struggle
-Racial Purity - 8Hitler's Views: Nationalism-Breaking the restriction of the TofV
-Reviving the power of Germany
-Making Germany self sufficient (autarky)
-Expanding Germany's borders
-Purifying the German Race - 9Hitler's Views: Socialism-Wanted to control big businesses, but didn't want the nationalism of businesses that communists did, for him socialism meant running the economy so that:
-Agriculture and industry would flourish
-Businesses wouldn't make unfair profits
-Jews couldn't control businesses
-Workers would be treated fairly - 10Hitler's Views: Totalitarianism-Belief that the Nazi Party should be control over every aspect of life
-Despised democracy as weak
-Believed in the Fuehrerprinzip, total loyalty to one leader - 11Hitler's Views: Traditional German Values-Thought moral and cultural values had been weakened by the WR
-Strong family values with clear Male and Female roles
-Christian morality
-Old style German culture with traditional art, music and theater - 12Hitler's Views: Struggle-Believed that life was a constant struggle
-Outside of Germany's borders against other countries for land for Lebensraum
-Inside her borders against non-German people to strengthen the race - 13Hitler's Views: Racial Purity-Aryans were the superior race and produced all that was good in culture
-Other races like Slavs and those from Asia and Africa were inferior races
-Lowest life forms were Jews who he described as parasites feeding off the countries they lived in - 14Re-launch-hitler relaunched the Nazi Party on 27th February 1925
-4000 people came to hear him speak
-A further 1000 had to be turned away - 15Re-launch: Administration and Finance-Appointed two efficient organisers to run the Nazi Party
-Divided the party into regions called Gaues
-Appointed a Gaueleiter for each Gaue
-Top fund this improved party finance
-befriended Germany's most wealthy businessmen who shared his hatred of communism and hoped he'd limit the power of trade unions
-By 1930s were recieiing donations from giants of the german Industry like Bosch, Thyssen and krupp - 16Re-launch: SA and SS-SA numbered 400 000 by 1930
-Many SA members were violent thugs and had developed a dangerous loyalty to Roehm during Hitler's stay in prison
-1925 set up a personal security group called the Schutzstaffel (SS)
-Run by Himmler, one of Hitler's most loyal supporters
-SS were famous and and feared with their menacing black uniform
-Increased Hitler's personal control over the Nazi Party - 17Re-launch: Propaganda-Goebbels was in charge of Nazi Propaganda
-They blamed a few key scapegoats for Germany's problems, the jews, the communists and the WR's moderate leaders
-Promoted Hitler as the voice of the Nazi Party, 1930s his speeches were reported in 120 daily or weekly Nazi Newspapers and read by hundreds of thousands of Germans
-Created a clear image of strength for the party, through Hitler's passion, mass Nazi rallies and the strength of the SA - 18The Lean YearsIn 1928 Nazi party had 100 000 members and Hitler was a national figure, however:
-SInce 1923 inflation had eased and the public were better off
-Stresemann was regaining status for Germany on the world stage
-1925 Hindenburg became president and his reputation helped the WR
-So Voters supported moderate parties and all extreme parties lost ground
-May 1928 general elections Nazi's only had 12 seats, 9th biggest party in Reichstag with only 2.6% of the vote - 19Great Depression: Causes-October 1929 share prices fell on the Wall Street stock exchange
-People panicked and went to sell their shares, which only made things worse
-Within a week investors had lost $4000 million - 20Great Depression: Economic Effects-Banks were major investors and suffered huge losses
-People were scared they wouldn't get their money back and so rushed to the bank to get their money out
-German and American banks needed the loans back that they'd lent to businesses
-Industrial output fell by 40% from 1931-32
-Unemployment rose to 1.3 million is September 1929 and 6.0 million by January 1933
-Unemployment meant domestic demand for goods sank as well, so unemployment rose even higher - 21Great Depression: Social and Political Effects-Middle class lost savings, companies or homes
-Workers became unemployed
-Chancellor Bruening proposed raising taxes and reducing unemployment benefits which made noone happy
-Coalition of parties Bruening relied on collapsed in 1930, he had to rule by decree
-44 decrees in 1931 and 66 in 1932
-Useless decrees only undermined confidence in the WR further
-Bruening lost control and resigned in 1932, leaving a dangerous power vacuum - 22Nazi Support: Growth-Voters turned to extreme parties to solve their problems
-1928 had 12 seats with 1 million votes
-1930 had 77 seats with 6 million votes
-1932 had 230 seats with 13 million votes
-Gained a lot more votes that the communist party (which also increased, but not as much) - 23Nazi Support: Hitler's Appeal-Hitler was one of the reasons people turned to the Nazi Party
-He appeared everywhere as he used aeroplanes for a whirlwind campaign
-Germans saw him as:
-A Strong Leader
-Someone who could unite the country
-Restore order from social unrest
-Force other nations to scrap the TofV
-Persuade other countries to treat Germany fairly - 24Nazi Support: Strength of SA-Nazi's had a stronger private army than the Communists
-SA Rallies made the Nazis look strong, organised, disciplined and reliable in a time of chaos
-SA storm troopers were used to whip up feelings of hope for the future
-SA were used to disrupt other parties meetings
-Voters were intimidated outside of polling stations - 25Nazi Support: Working-Class Support-Attracted by traditional values and a strong Germany
-Promised them 'Work and Bread' on posters
-Working-class was the largest group of voters, but when times got hard they typically supported the communists - 26Nazi Support: Middle-Class Support-Deserted moderate parties that weren't doing much and turned to extreme groups
-The Great Depression hurt the middle class the most, they thought Hitler was strong enough to help Germany recover
-Afraid of the communist party and saw Hitler as a strong party that could protect them
-There was a view that there had been a morale decline during the golden years so traditional values were appealing - 27Nazi Support: Farmers-Policy of confiscating all land in the 25 points was changed in 1928 to only jewish land
-Hitler promised to protect them from communists who would confiscate their land - 28Nazi Support: Big Businesses-Industrialists saw Hitler as the best protection against communists
-Nazi Finances benefitted from this
-Nazi propaganda benefited as well as Alfred Hugenberg, a newspaper tycoon, allowed Goebbels to use his newspaper for anti communist propaganda - 29Nazi Support: Young People and Women-Young were attracted by Hitler's passionate speeches and goals for the future
-Women didn't support them at first as Nazi policies restricted them
-However, Nazi propaganda claimed that voting for them was best for their country and family - 30Nazi Support: Something for Everyone-Nazi Party offered something for everyone, which some critics say was new in German politics
-This enabled the NSDAP to rise from an 'insignificant threat' in 1928 to the largest party in Reichstag by 1932 - 31Presidential Elections of 1932-Hindenburg had 18 million votes
-Communist Leader 5 million votes
-Hitler had 11 million votes
-No candidate has 50% of the vote so elections were repeated in April
-Hindenburg had 19 million votes
(Enough to become president)
-Communist leader had 4 million votes
-Hitler rose to 13 million votes - 32Fall of Bruening-April 1932 Bruening used a presidential decree to ban the SA and SS in an attempt to calm unrest and control the Nazis
-RIght-wing parties got very angry
-von Schleicher organised a coalition of right wing parties, convinced Hindenburg he had a majority and had Bruening sacked - 33von Papen as Chancellor-von Schleicher controlled the government from behind the scenes
-Chose von Papen to be chancellor ad a figure head
-Offered the NSDAP a place in the coalition as he thought he could control them
-von Papen's coalition was weak, once Hitler had 230 seats he demanded Hindenburg sack von Papen and make him Chancellor
-Hindenburg, who detested Hitler, refused
-von Papen called new elections in November 1932 hoping Nazi seats would fall
-They did to 196 but they were still the largest group in Reichstag
-Without the NSDAP von Papen had no majority
-Without a majority in Reichstag or Hindenburg's approval von Papen resigned - 34von Schleicher as Chancellor-39 business tycoons signed a letter asking Hindenburg to make hitler Chancellor
-They thought with their donations they could control him, but Hindenburg refused
-von Schleicher became chancellor, he was confident Nazi support was fading
-However, he consistently failed to get a majority
-He told Hindenburg that von Papen and Hitler were conspiring against him (they were) and that he needed to suspend the constitution and make von Schleicher the head of a military dictatorship
-Hindenburg refused, but news of the plan leaked out and von Schleicher lost all support - 35Hitler as Chancellor-von Papen plotted with Hindenburg and right wing parties
-Told them if they supported Hitler as chancellor and him as vice chancellor he could control Hitler and they could make the decisions
-Hindenburg reluctantly agreed
-30th January 1933 Hitler legally and democratically became chancellor
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- Everything for the second section of Edexcel History A's unit on Germany. From the early formation of the Nazi Party to Hitler being appointed as Chancellor. Good luck =)
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- Natalia Cliff
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