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Flashcards

Endocrine

Maggie Throckmorton English 86 cards

Cards in this deck (86)

  1. 1ADHReleased by hypothalamus, pituitary stores, targets kidneys, sweat glands, circulatory System, effects water balance
  2. 2OxytocinPosterior pituitary; female reproductive system; triggers uterine contraction during childbirth
  3. 3LH-anterior pituitaryReleased by hypothalamus as GnRh, targets reproductive system; stimulates production of sex hormones by gonads
  4. 4FSH-anterior pituitaryGnRH releasing hormone from hypothalamus; Targets reproductive system; stimulates production of sperm and eggs
  5. 5TSH anterior pituitaryTRH released from hypothalamus; targets thyroid gland; stimulates the release of thyroid hormone
  6. 6Prolactin-anterior pituitaryPRH releasing hormone; targets mammary glands; promotes milk production
  7. 7Growth Hormone-GH-anterior pituitaryReleasing hormone GHRH; targets liver, bone, muscles; induced targets to produce insulin like growth factors IGF which stimulates body growth and a higher metabolic rate
  8. 8ACTH-anterior pituitaryCRH releasing hormone; targets adrenal glands; induced targets to produce glucocorticoids which regulate metabolism and the stress response
  9. 9Endocrine FunctionRegulated growth, development and production; maintenance of optimal internal environment; corrective and adaptive responses when demands occur
  10. 10Hormones are released...In response to changes in the cellular environment, to maintain a regulated level of hormones. circadian rhythm secretion, released on the levels of substancec in the blood
  11. 11Hormones are regulated....Chemical factors, blood glucose, Ca+, endocrine factors-thyroid hormone; neural factors-cathecholamines
  12. 12Negative feedback, feedback inhibitionThink of a thermostat, when room gets cold, thermostat detects and turns on the heat; when the room reaches the set temperature, thermostat detects and turns the heat off; keeps things constant in homoestasis
  13. 13Water Soluble HormonesCirculate in free, unbound forms; usually come from adrenal, very short half-life; most hormones are free; attach to plasma membrane; high molecular weight; cannot diffuse across plasma membrane; peptide or protein hormones.
  14. 14Lipid soluble hormonesCorticoids, cortisol, androgens, estrogens, progesterone, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids-stay in the system for hours or days; usually bound to something in the cell. Attach and then cause something to happen inside of the cell; can mediate rapid-acting or long-acting responses.
  15. 15Up regulationLow concentration of hormone increases number of receptors per cell
  16. 16Down-regulationHigh concentration of hormone decreases number of receptors
  17. 17Hormone Effects-DIRECTSpecific stimulation, very specific action that hormone does with obvious cell change, for example, insulin increased glucose transport into the cells
  18. 18Permissive-secondary effectIncrease responsiveness to another hormone, like a boost for another hormone- for example, increased response of mammary cells to prolactin or PTH helps Vitamin D with Ca+ absorption
  19. 19HPA AxisBasis for the neuro-endocrine system; hypothalmus and pituitary and feedback mechanisms; releasing factors trigger release of others that then target distant organs; system of direct influences and feedback interactions, central stress response system, intertwining of the CNS and endocrine system.
  20. 20What does the HPA Axis do?- it is responsible for the neuroendocrine adaptation component stress response
    - this response is characterized by the hypothalamic release of corticotropin-releasing factor\
    -CRF binds to CRF receptors on the anterior pituitary ACTH is release
    -ACTH binds to receptors at adrenal cortex and stimulates adrenal release of cortisol
  21. 21Adrenocorticotropic hormone - Anterior Pituitaryresponse to psychological or physical stress, acts on adrenal glands
  22. 22TSH-APStimulates thyroid to produce T3 and T4, acts on thyroid gland
  23. 23Growth Hormone-APTissue growth and maturation, somatotropin, bone and muscle growth
  24. 24Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone-APSecretes melanin which darkens skin, works on skin pigmentation
  25. 25B-lipotropic-APFat catabolism
  26. 26Prolactin-APLactation
  27. 27Luteinizing Hormone-APFemale ovulation, male testicular growth, cause ovulation in women
  28. 28Follicle Stimulating Hormone-APFollicle maturation, sperm production, women-select and mature the egg prior to ovulation
  29. 29B-Endorphins-APanalgesia, behavioral effects, neuro-pain perception, body temperature, plays a large role in addiction behaviors
  30. 30Adeno-hypophysis AxisTrophic hormones, stimulate a gland to grow and secrete its own hormone
  31. 31Hypothalmic neurohormonesstimulate anterior pituitary to produce and release tropic hormones
  32. 32Tropic hormonesbind to target organs to elicit physiologic response
  33. 33Thyroid GlandRegulation of thyroid hormone secretion through negative feedback loop
  34. 34Hypothalmus and TRHTRH release in response to cold, stress, low levels of T4, will then release TSH which then releases T3 & 4
  35. 35If the TSH level is too high....- then T3 and T4 are low, because they are the part on the negative feedback loop that would signal more release of TSH
  36. 36T or F. Enlarged thyroid makes if difficult to swallow and causes hoarseness.T
  37. 37CalcitoninLowers serum calcium, takes Ca+ out of the blood through the inhibition of bone resorption, stops osetoclasts from breaking down bone and release of minerals. Antagonist of PTH
  38. 38Thyroid hormonse90% T4 and 10% T3, bound-lipid soluble, responsible for our metabolism, bind to globulin, prealbumin and albumin, essential for maintaining healthy metabolic processes, normal growth and maturation.
  39. 39Parathyroid GlansSmall glands, produce PTH, works with Vitamin D to increase serum Ca+, decrease phosphate level, tells bones to breakdown, speed it up osteoclasts
  40. 40T or F. PTH working on kidneys is going to help the nephrons reabsorb Ca+ and increase osteoclastT
  41. 41Endocrine PancreasProduces glucagon, insulin, amylin, gastrin and somatostatin, houses Islets of Langerhans
  42. 42T or F. Beta cells secrete insulin into the capillaryT
  43. 43Insulin- secreted when BG increases, when elevation in amino acids, intestinal hormones, water soluble and short connection
    - regulated by hormonal and neural mechanism
    - synthesized from proinsulin (A&B peptides connected by C peptide)
  44. 44What does insulin facilitate?Rate of glucose uptake into the cells, and intracellular transport of K+, anabolic hormone, muscle building, puts nutrients like amino acids and muscle cells to promote growth
  45. 45GlucagonInsulin antagonist, secretion promoted by decrease in BG levels, acts on liver to stimulate gylcogenolysis-releases stores from liver, gluconegenesis-make sugar molecules into other substances, lipolysis, plays larger role in DM then realized
  46. 46IncretinsHormones secreted from endocrine cells in GI Tract in presence of carbs, proteins, fats. secreted from GI, stimulate pancreas to produce more insulin, decrease glucagon, delay gastric empyting
  47. 47Somatostatin-different then one that comes from hypothalmus, essential for carb, protein and fat metabolism, involved in regulation of alpha and beta cell function, may inhibit glucagon and insulin secretion
  48. 48GrehlinStimulates GH secretion, controls appetite, increases before a meal, decreases after eating, regulation of insulin sensitivity-helps body be more sensitive to insulin
  49. 49Pancreatic PolypeptideReleased by F cells in response to hypoglycemia and protein rich meals, signals satiety
  50. 50Glucocorticoid Hormones-think cortisolDirect effects on carbohydrates and protein metabolism, most potent naturally occurring one is cortisol, raise BG levels, increase appetite, reduce inflammatory response, body more sensitive to Epi
  51. 51Mineralcorticoids-AldosteroneIncreases Na+ reabsorption, causes Na+ retention, regulated by RAAS, decrease plasma volue, critical for HTN tx, increase secretion of K+
  52. 52T or F. High aldosterone could equal high k+T
  53. 53T or F. Adrenal Cortex secretes weak androgensT
  54. 54Hyperfunction of adrenal medulla-increased release of cathecholamines (nori, epi) in direct response to stress, chromaffin cells are adrenaline containing cells, release cathecholamines into blood stream, where they bind to adrenergic receptors throughout the body
  55. 55Aging and EndocrineSlows down as we age, decrease clearance of cortisol so will have longer effects
  56. 56Target Cell FailureReceptor-Associated Disorders, impaired receptor function, antibodies that mimic hormone action destroy cells or become resistant to the hormone (this is important)
  57. 57SIADH-disease of posterior pituitaryEctopic secretion of ADH, most common cause, causes water retention, hyponatremia, dilution of Na+, urine is very concentrated, hyponatremia, hypoosmolality, hypoerosmolity
  58. 58Diabetes InsipidousToo little ADH, lots of dilute urine, Na+ becomes concentrated in blood serum, polyurina, polydipsia, nocturia, continuous thirst
  59. 59HypopituitarismInsufficient pituitary hormone, congenital or acquired, can involve ACTH, TSH, GH, FSH, and LH
  60. 60Sheehan SyndromeIschemic damage during post-partum period d/t blood loss, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, hypogonadism, GH deficiency and hyperprolactinemia
  61. 61PanhypopituitarismAll hormones absent, treat underlying cause
  62. 62Hyperpituitarism-pituitary adenomasBenign, slow growing, HA-head feels like a tight space, or feels like they have something growing in their head, fatigue, visual changes,
  63. 63Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone-GigantismChildren and adolescents, abnormally high linear growth before closure of epiphyseal plates
  64. 64Hypersecretion of GH during adulthood-AcromegalySlowly progressive, mortality, HTN, hypertrophy of heart d/t increased demand, T2DM
  65. 65Clinical manifestation of acromegalyBony proliferation, coarse skin and body hair, kyphosis, enlargement of facial bones, hands and feet, protrusion of lower jaw, forehead
  66. 66Hyperprolactinemia, hypersecretion of prolactinFemales, amenorrhea, galactorrhea, hirsutism, and osteopenia, commonly caused by pituitary tumor, no milk post partum test for this
    Males, hypogonadism, ED, impaired libido, oligospermia
  67. 67Hyperthyroidism-causes include Graves Dx, Toxic Goiter, Adenoma
    - too hot, tachy, weight loss
  68. 68What labs do you expect to see with hyperthyroidism?Elevated Serum T4 and T3
    Primary for Graves = TRH and TSH will be low because of negative feedback loop, do not want to stimulate TH
  69. 69ExopthalmusBulging eyes associated with Grave's , see whites above the iris
  70. 70Clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism- decreased heart rate
    decreased heat production, cold intolerance
    lethargy, tiredness, constipation (big one to know), weight gain
  71. 71HyperparathyroidismPrimary and secondary, primary, excess section of PTH, secondary increase is secondary to a chronic disease like renal failure, hypercalcemia, and hypophatemia, predisposes to stones, alkaline urine, treat with Vitamin D
  72. 72HypoparathyroidismAbnormally low PTH levels, decreased serum Ca+, lowers threshold of action potential so can have muscle spasms, hyperreflexia, increased serum phosphate usually caused by PT damage after thyroid surgery
  73. 73Type I DM, what it is, cause, clinical manifestations- genetic and environmental factors destroy beta cells, immune and non-immune, by the time symptomatic 80% of beta cells are gone, mainly in children and adolescents
  74. 74Type II DM, causes, clinical manifestations, patho- producing too much insulin, wear out beta cells and slowly destroy them, dysfunction of the pancreas, increased insulin resistance, decreased secretion of insulin, metabolic syndrome, all the P's polydypsia, polyphagia and polyuria
  75. 75DKAType I, insulin deficiency, production of ketones, ketosis, metabolic acidosis, osmotic diuresis, total body K+ deficiency, cerebral edema in children
  76. 76HHNKUsually Type II, higher glucose less ketosis, severe dehydration, and K+ deficit, greater fluid loss, not acidotic, severely hyperglycemic, does not produce ketones (big concept)
  77. 77Microvascular Disease of DM clinical manifestationsRetinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy
  78. 78Macrovascular DiseaseCAD, Stroke, PAD
  79. 79Polyol Pathwaysorbitol and fructose circulate, increase the osmotic pressure, overtime causes edema and damage, cause blurry vision in hyperglycemia
  80. 80Cushing's Syndrome-Excess Secretion of ACTH- chronic exposure to excess glucocorticoids
  81. 81Clinical Manifestation for Cushings's-central obesity, HTN, mood changes, dorsocervical fat pads, hyperglycemia, thin extremities, hyperpigmentation
  82. 82Hyperaldosteronism-Conn Disease- resistant HTN, fluid retention, hypo K+
  83. 83Addison's Disease-Primary adrenal insufficiency, weakness, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, orthostatic hypotension
  84. 84Pheochromocytomas-adrenal medulla
    - neoplasm of chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
    - secrete excessive amounts of catecholamines
    -Triad of S/S-Tachy, HTN, palpitations, sometimes AFIB
  85. 85Adrenal CortexThe adrenal cortex—the outer part of the gland—produces hormones that are vital to life, such as cortisol (which helps regulate metabolism and helps your body respond to stress) and aldosterone (which helps control blood pressure).
  86. 86Adrenal MedullaAdrenal medulla: The inner portion of adrenal gland. (The outer portion is the adrenal cortex).
    The adrenal medulla makes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Epinephrine is secreted in response to low blood levels of glucose as well as exercise and stress; it causes the breakdown of the storage product glycogen to the sugar glucose in the liver, facilitates the release of fatty acids from adipose (fat) tissue, causes dilation (widening) of the small arteries within muscle and increases the output of the heart. Norepinephrine secreted by the adrenal gland acts to narrow blood vessels and raise blood pressure.

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Flashcards on Endocrine , created by Maggie Throckmorton on 15/11/2017.
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