Flashcards
All Starred Notes (27)
Cards in this deck (65)
- 1What are vestigial parts?-small organs or parts that appear to have no function and are in the process of disappearing
(Ex. Ear muscles, tails in humans, and canine teeth) - 2What is heterochrony?-Evolutionary change caused by alterations in the timing or pace of an organism's growth.
(Ex. trilobite's different body segments) - 3What is phylogeny?-Evolutionary tree, showing who is related to whom.
(=family tree of organisms) - 4What is convergent evolution?-Evolution of similar body plans in unrelated organisms
(Fish, Mammal, reptile) - 5What is divergent evolution?Evolution of very different body plans in closely related organisms
(Ex. Darwin's finches, cichlid fish) - 6What is parallel evolution?-Independent evolutionary appearances of traits in two closely related lineages.
(Ex. flying frogs) - 7What is reticulate evolution?-Divergence and subsequent combination of two species
- 8What is phyletic gradualism?-Evolution by slow, gradual steps
-Darwin thought - 9What is punctuated equilibrium?-Evolution by relatively rapid change between intervals of stasis
-Trilobites show this - 10What is punctuated gradualism?The combination of phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium
- 11What natural factors cause extinction?Predation by other organisms
Disease
Climate change
Sea level change
Competition
Extraterrestrial causes - 12What are the 5 most significant mass extinctions in Earth history?-end-Ordovician
-near-end Devonian
-Permian-Triassic boundary
-end-Triassic
-Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary - 13What are adaptive radiations?-Rapid evolution that usually follows mass extinctions
- 14The Universe is composed of what 3 components?-Dark energy - 68-73%
-Dark matter - ~23-27%
-Normal matter - ~5% - 15Which of these 3 components is the most abundant? Least abundant?-Most = Dark matter
-Least = Normal matter - 16How did the Sun form?The center ignites (T-Tauri Event)
-Thermonuclear fusion begins
H + H =D
D + H = He^-3
He^-3 + He^-3 = He^-4 + 2H - 17What are terrestrial planets like?-Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
-Relatively large
-Hot to warm to cool
-Near the sun
-Silicate crust and mantle around an iron metal core - 18What are the gas giants like?-Jupiter and Saturn
-Large to huge
-Gaseous
-Cold to very cold
-Fary away from Sol
- > %90 H & He - 19What are the ice giants like?-Uranus and Neptune
-Large to huge
-Gaseous
-cold to very cold
-Far away from Sol
- ~20% H & He
- Dominated by O, C, N, S - 20What are the dwarf planets like?Ceres, Pluto, Sedna, Eris
-Small to very small
-cold to very cold
-Rocky and icy
-In asteroid belt and far-outer solar system - 21How did the Earth’s core form? (Planetary differentiation)Caused by heating, melting, and density stratification
- 22What name is given to the formation of Earth's core?Iron Catastrophe - Heating caused most iron to melt and sink to the center
- 23What were the three sources of heat that resulted in the formation of the core?Friction, Impacts, and radioactivity
(radioactivity is most important) - 24What is the Accretion Hypothesis of moon formation?-The moon accreted from dust & debris that orbited early Earth as rings. (wrong)
- 25What is the Collision Hypothesis of moon formation?-A Mars-sized object collided with Earth; debris coalesced into the moon. (maybe right)
- 26What is modern air made up of?78% N2
21% O2
0.9% Ar
0.04 CO2 - 27What was early air like?Anoxic - no free O2
- 28Could the Earth's water come from comets?Some comets do have the chemistry of our sea water
- 29What was the chemistry of early oceans?-Probably acidic (low PH)
-Means no limestone deposition - 30What is the origin of continents?-Start as small, thin blocks called cratons or "protocontinents" (All Archean)
-Blocks move, collide, get sutured (slowly grow in size. - 31What is the significance of continents?-Once stable continents formed, they became sites for weathering, erosion, and deposition of sediments.
-The start of the sedimentary rock record - 32What was the overall climate temperature of the Archean?Very hot, despite the dim Sun
- 33What are the characteristics of procaryotes?-small, simple cells
-Few organelles
-No nucleus
-Asexual - 34What are the characteristics of eucaryotes?-Large, complex cells
-Many organelles
-Have a nucleus
-Asexual & sexual - 35The procaryotes consist of what two domains of life?-Kingdom Bacteria
-Kingdom Archaea - 36What is the definition of a protist?-1-celled eucaryotes
-Some photosynthetic
-Some heterotrophs
-Most are aquatic - 37What is the definition of a fungi?-Multicellular, non-photosynthesizing eucaryotes (not plants)
- 38What is the definition of a plantae?-Multicellular, photosynthesizing eucaryotes.
- 39What is the definition of an animal?-Multicellular, non-photosynthesizing eucaryotes capable of spontaneous movement
- 40What is the oldest chemofossil?4.1 Ga zircon mineral from Australia with graphite inclusion
-4.404 Ga, a zircon crystal from the Jack Hills of Western Australia - 41What is laurentia?-Ancient North American continent
-North America + Greenland - florida - 42What are BIFs and GIFs?-Banded or Granular iron formations
-Extinct marine sed. rocks
-Most are 2.5 to 1.8 Ga
-Alternating layers of iron-rich minerals
-Most are paleoproterozoic
-include jaspilite, taconite, specularite, magnetite - 43What are redbeds?-Reddish, hematite-rich siliciclastic sedimentary rocks
-Common after ~1.8 Ga - 44How do geologists know the history of the rise in atmospheric oxygen (O2 gas) during the Precambrian?-Pyrite and urantite formed when air had no or very little O2 gas
-BIFs formed when air had a little O2 gas
-Redbeds formed when air had a little more O2 Gas - 45What specific rock evidence (for example, in the Gowganda Formation?) tells geologists that there was an Ice Age at this time?Finely-laminated shales (varves), dropstones, interbedded tillites, glacially scratched clasts
- 46Describe the Neoproterozoic glaciations.-~850-600 Ma
-All of Earth, even at the paleo-equator - 47Explain the snowball Earth Hypothesis?-Global or near-global glaciation in Neoprotoerzoic (snowball earth)
-White ice kept earth cool
-Plate tectonics and volcanism continued - volcanic gas emissions increased CO2 in air
-Ice melted when high CO2 levels caused greenhouse effect warming.
-After Iceage, got severe climate heating
-Odd carbonate rocks formed on seafloors (capcarbonates) - 48What is the procaryote symbiosis hypothesis? (Origin of eucaryotes)-Several types of procaryote cells lived together for mutual benefits to form the 1st eucaryote cell.
-Proposed by Lynn Margulis - 49Anything Ediacarancheck other card pack
- 50What is Gondwana? What is it made of?-A small Neoproterozoic (~550 Ma) supercontinent
-=South America + Africa + Arabia + Australia + Antarctica + India + Madagascar
-Broke apart in Jurassic - 51What was global sea level like during the Ordovician?Rising, becoming highest ever + 2 major regressions
- 52What sort of climate did Earth experience during the Ordovician?Warm to hot greenhouse climate
- 53What happened, climate-wise, right at the end of the Ordovician?-Short, severe ice age (<1 Ma)
-Evidence is in Morocco - 54What is the Cambrian Explosion?Sudden evolutionary appearance of abundant body fossils, trace fossils & microfossils near Precambrian-cambrain boundary
- 55What are pros and cons of a shell or skeleton?i) provides mechanical strength
ii) Supports soft tissue
iii) Protection from predators
vi) Continuous external shell & growth
vII) Continuous external shell & movement - 56What solutions have evolved in organisms to deal with the disadvantages of shells or skeletons?-Molting or shedding: grow quick after molt, then form new skeleton
-Development of joints & many-parted skeletons - 57What is the # 1 most common group of fossils in Cambrian rocks?Trilobites
-90% of all Cambrian fossils - 58What is Lagerstatten? (know 2 major lagerstatten)-The mother load!
-Soft-bodied fossil deposits
-Burgess Shale
-Chengjiang - 59In general, are Ordovician fossils similar to or different from Cambrian fossils?Different - Biodiversity has tripled
-Increase in filter feeders - 60What was the first type of fish like?It was jawless
-Have no jaw, but have mouth - 61When did the first land plants appear?Late Ordovician
Root traces (in paleosols), and spores (microfossils) - 62What is the proposed causation of end-Ordovician extinction?-Short, severe Ice Age in Africa
-Caused a regression
-Gamma-ray burst?
-Moss? - 63Where is laurentia during mid-paleozoic?-Still on the equator, slowly roatating counter-clockwise
- 64What are two of the three mountain building events that produced the apalacian mountains?-The Taconic Orogeny (Volcanic islands collide with e. N. America)
-The Acadian Orogeny ( Avalon collide with Laurentia) - 65What do you call the new continent that formed when Lurentia and Baltica collided?Laurussia