Flashcards
Carbs
Cards in this deck (13)
- 1What are carbohydrates?Carbohydrates are a type of macronutrient. They are an umbrella term for sugars, starches and fibre.
They are made up of monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
They are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. - 2What is the difference between mono, di, oligo and polysaccharides?Monosaccharides - a single sugar molecule
Disaccharides - two molecules of sugar joined together by a glycosidic bond
Oligosaccharides - 3-10 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds
Polysaccharide - long chain of monosaccharides - 3What is dietary fibre?Indigestible carbohydrate from plants.
Particularly plant cell walls that are made of cellulose - which cannot be broken down by human digestive enzymes.
Two types - soluble and insoluble - 4What is starch?Starch is the glucose storage from plants.
It is made from alpha glucose joined by 1-4 alpha glycosidic bonds and occasional 1-6 glycosidic bonds.
Consists of amylose and amylopectin. - 5Name 3 monosaccharides and 3 disaccharides.Monosaccharides: glucose, galactose and fructose.
Disaccharides - Lactose, maltose and sucrose. - 6Does it make a difference whether monosaccarides are bonded with alpha or beta glycosidic bonds?Yes - our digestive enzymes are able to break through alpha glycosidic bonds but not beta glycosidic bonds.
The bonds also affect the structure - alpha bonds create a helical structure (ie starch) beta bonds give long, straight non-helical chains. - 7What is the relationship between glycaemic index and glycaemic load?Glycaemic index: a ranking to indicate how quickly 50g of carbohydrate increases blood sugar.
Glycaemic load: how a particular quantity of carbohydrate increase blood sugar - takes into account the GI - 8Name a food with a high glycaemic index and a food with a low glycaemic index.High GI: a baked potato or cake
Low GI: broccoli - 9Which blood sugar levels are normal and which are too high?Normal: 70-100mg per 100ml of blood
High: >140mg per 100ml of blood - 10What is a good biomarker for high blood glucose levels?A blood sample measuring HbA1c
- 11Why is fibre beneficial for human health?It feeds our gut microbiome.
Gut microbiome produces SCFA which nourish colon enterocytes.
Slower stomach emptying.
Slower gut transit time, therefore slower digestion and absorption of other food.
Regular bowel movements.
Increased stool weight and water content.
Reduced cholesterol absorption and increased cholesterol excretion. - 12Does dietary fibre provide humans with energy?Yes - as of 2014 metabolised energy is calculated as 8.4 kj/g fibre.
- 13Via which mechanism can fibre cause health beneficial effects?Cholesterol excretion????
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- Biochemistry Flashcards on Carbs, created by Elizabeth Chloé on 24/10/2018.
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- Elizabeth Chloé
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