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Flashcards

Lab 2 Study Guide

Rex Porter Biology English 54 cards

Cards in this deck (54)

  1. 1Mitosisthe process of somatic cell division where each cell divides into two identical cells.
  2. 2zygotea sperm cell (N) fuses with an egg cell (N, unfertilized egg)
  3. 3Phylum EchinodermataStarfish, or Sea Stars
  4. 4Phylum ChordataHumans
  5. 5Deuterostomedevelopment is where the original opening (blastopore) to the gut becomes the anus
  6. 6Protostomedevelopment is where the blastopore becomes the mouth
  7. 7Unfertilized EggThis will appear as a single cell with a very distinct nucleus and nucleolus.
  8. 82-cell stageAs a result of a single mitosis event, you will see two attached cells. The fertilization membrane is often still visible.
  9. 94-cell stageAfter a second mitosis event, you will find a cluster of 4 attached cells.
  10. 108-cell to 16-cell stageAfter a third mitosis event, you will find a cluster of 8 attached cells. Remember, these cells are 3-dimensional. If you find an 8-cell cluster from the top or bottom, it will appear as a ‘glob’ of cells and you may not be able to see all 8 cells. If you find a cluster on its side, you will see that the 4 cells on top are stacked directly on top of the 4 lower cells. This is called radial cleavage, a pattern unique to deuterostomes.
  11. 11Early and Late BlastulaBeyond the 8-cell stage, it becomes difficult to count the cells and the cluster becomes a hollow, fluid-filled sac. This is the blastula stage and the central cavity called the blastocoel. Early blastula stages still have relatively fewer and larger cells. Later blastula stages have more smaller cells, and the blastocoel is better defined.
  12. 12Early and Late GastrulaA dimple forms in the blastula which will continue to grow into the blastocoel creating an invagination. This is gastrulation and this stage is called a gastrula. The original dimple (or ‘hole’) is called the blastopore and the developing cavity is the archenteron, or primitive gut. Remember, as a deuterostome, this blastopore will become the anus of the complete digestive tract. The difference between early and late gastrulation is the degree to which the archenteron has formed. At this gastrula stage, we begin to distinguish between the ‘outer’ and ‘inner cells.’ The archenteron is inside the blastocoel. All the other cells are not. The archenteron comprises the germ layer called endoderm which will eventually develop into the digestive tract and its affiliated organs. The remaining cells of the gastrula comprise the germ layer called ectoderm which will eventually develop into the epidermis and nervous tissue. Mesoderm, the third germ layer that becomes muscle tissue, develops as masses on the innermost portion of the archenteron. Animals that only have endoderm and ectoderm are c
  13. 13Bipinnaria larvaWhen the archenteron grows deep enough and contacts a side (body wall), a new second opening forms – the mouth. Now that the digestive tract is complete, it is considered a larva, the immature form of an animal. You can likely see the stomach and esophagus in addition to the mouth and anus.
  14. 14Name the 2 major phyla that are deuterostomesEchinodermata and Chordata
  15. 15Class Calcarea-spicules are made of calcium carbonate
    -spicules typically appear as 3-pointed ‘stars’ that are interwoven to make the sponge’s skeleton.
    -Grantia is a genus of sponge within the Class Calcarea.
  16. 16Class Hexactinellida-spicules are made of silica (silicon dioxide)
    -often called the ‘glass sponges’.
  17. 17Class Demospongapicules are made of a protein called spongin. The spongin fibers are woven together to make a more flexible skeleton
  18. 18Phylum Cnidariacontains animals that are diploblastic, have an incomplete digestive tract, true tissues, and radial symmetry
  19. 19Cnidarians are exclusively aquatic and mostly marineThey have two basic body forms: swimming medusa and sessile polyps. Both forms have a single opening to their incomplete digestive tract, which is called the gastrovascular cavity (GVC). Food is captured, brought into the GVC and digested and the waste is expelled out the same opening. The distinguishing feature of cnidarians are the presence of tentacles that contain cnidocytes, stinging cells.
  20. 20Cnidarians have two tissue layersThe outer layer is the epidermis. It is formed from ectoderm. The inner layer, the gastrodermis, secretes digestive juices into the inner space called the gastrovascular cavity. The gastrodermis is formed from endoderm.
  21. 21mesogleaA nonliving gelatinous material separates the two tissue layers
  22. 22hydrostatic skeletonThe contractile fibers act against the fluid-filled gastrovascular cavity. The movements are like a balloon; the animal can be short and thick or long and thin. Cnidarians have a saclike gut and extracellular digestion.
  23. 23There are four classes within the Phylum Cnidaria.Class Hydrozoa
    Class Anthozoa
    Class Schyphozoa
    Class Cubozoa
  24. 24Class Hydrozoacontains animals that, for the most part, have both polyp and a medusa stages within their life cycle.
  25. 25Class Anthozoacontains the sea anemones and the corals. Adult anthozoans are almost all attached to the seabed, rocks, etc. while their larvae can disperse as plankton. This class lacks the medusa stage and thus they are exclusively polyps. Many corals secrete a hard skeleton made of calcium carbonate and thus grow very slowly. When the animal dies, the skeleton remains. Many corals supplement their nutrient intake from prey by maintaining a symbiotic relationship with single-celled algae called zooxanthellae. The zooxanthellae photosynthesize & glucose is available to the coral while the coral provides the algae some defense.
  26. 26Class Schyphozoacontains the ‘true jellyfish’ in which the medusa form is the dominant stage of the life cycle. The mouth of schyphozoans leads into the GVC that then branches into 4 chambers called diverticula. Many species in this class have concentrations of nerve cells on the umbrella called rhopalia. The cluster of these often appear as a ‘4-leafed clover’. Within the rhopalia, the cells that detect gravity and aid in balance are called statocysts. The cells that detect light are called ocelli.
  27. 27Class Cubozoaknown as the box jellyfish, which are characterized by their box/cube-shaped medusa and often extremely potent venom. Instead of having simple light-detecting ocelli, this class of jellies has true eyes complete with retinas, corneas, and lenses.
  28. 28Choanocytespropels water through the body of the sponge.
  29. 29osculumWhere the water exits the sponge
  30. 30sclerocytesproduces spicules
  31. 31Name the 3 kinds of spiculesspongin, calcium carbonate, silia
  32. 32phagocytosisDigestion of food (plankton) starts with engulfment of food by choanocytes
  33. 33hermaphroditeAn organism that can make both male and female gametes
  34. 34cnidocytes“stinging cells” found mainly on tentacles
  35. 35nematocystcells that are released like a harpoon
  36. 36Class Hydroza can have 2 body forms: a cylindrical form known as apolyp and/or a free floating, swimming form that (functions in sexual reproduction) is known as a medusa
  37. 37gastrovascular cavityBoth body forms have a single opening into an incomplete digestive system known as the
  38. 38diploblastic2 layers cells (from ectoderm and endoderm only)
  39. 39epidermisHydra- What is the outside layer of cells called?
  40. 40gastrodermisWhat is the inside layer of cells called?
  41. 41mesogleaThe noncellular layer between these 2 layers is called
  42. 42The bud represents what kind of reproduction?asexual
  43. 43What are the reproductive cells that are found in the Obelia polyp called?gonozooids
  44. 44What body form is necessary for sexual reproduction?medusa
  45. 45The 2 classes of Cnidaria with predominant sessile lifestyles areHydrozoa and Anthozoa
  46. 46The predominant kind of symmetry in Cnidarians isRadial
  47. 47The sea anemone is included in classAnthozoa
  48. 48Sea anemones also maintain a symbiotic relationship with single celled photosynthetic organisms (inside their cells) called?zooxanthellae
  49. 49The class of corals isAnthozoa
  50. 50The corals tend to deposit a hard skeleton ofcalcium carbonate
  51. 51It is a colony of individuals (condominium) with the sessile life form that is known as acoral
  52. 52Jellyfish are found in classSchyphozoa
  53. 53There are concentrated nerve cells that are calledrhopalia
  54. 54This box shaped jellyfish is in classCubozoa

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Biology Flashcards on Lab 2 Study Guide , created by Rex Porter on 26/02/2021.
Created by
Rex Porter · Feb 2021
Updated
Feb 27, 2021
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