Flashcards
N3 - learning + memory
Cards in this deck (41)
- 1define learningthe aquisition of new information or knowledge
- 2define memorythe retention of learned information
- 3what are the two types of memorydeclarative and non-declarative
- 4explain what declarative memory ismemories consciously available for recollection - facts & events
short & long term memory - 5compare short and long term declarative memoryshort: recollection after a few mins-hours
vulnerable to disruption via trauma+ECT
long: recalled after long periods of time - 6describe the two memory consolidation theories1. sensory info > short term mem > CONSOLIDATION > long term mem
2. sensory info > short term + consolidatory long term mem (separate to short term) - 7what is the name given to the loss of memory + learning abilityamnesia
- 8what causes amnesiatrauma to the brain:
concusion, tumour, stroke, alcoholism, encephalitis - 9what are the two types of amnesiaretrograde
anterograde - 10what is retrograde amnesiamemories that happen before the trauma event are lost
- 11what is anterogradethe memories and learning ability following the trauma are lost
- 12what is transient global amnesiaaffects all types of memories (long, short, antergrade+retrograde) temporariliy
e.g. hitting head falling off a bike - 13what is non-declarative memoryskills + habits
not available for recollection
requires repetition over time
less likely to be forgotten - 14what were the Lashley experimentsablation of parts of the brain to see where in the brain the memories are stored
they failed - 15what anatomical part of the brain is required for declarative memorymedial temporal lobe + cortex
- 16what pathway (+features) is required for declarative memorycortical association areas >> parahippocampus >> hippocampus >(feedback)> cortical association areas
- 17where are complex memories stored and whyrely on many sensory inputs
lateral temporal lobe + cortex - 18where does memory processing and consolidation occurmemory processing - medial temporal lobe
memory consolidation - cortex - 19losing the temporal lobe is detrimental to memory - when is a temporal lobectomy requiredsevere epilepsy
- 20what happens when someone has their medial temporal lobe removedthey lose
declarative short term memory
anterograde + retrograde memory
but
maintains procedural memory and some long term memory - 21what is Hebbs theoryin learning + memory there are synpatic and cell changes to make the connection stronger
cells that fire together wire together - 22if two cells repeatedly+persistently fire what occursgrowth and metabolic changes occur so that there is enhanced firing of the second cell
making the first cell cause a larger effect on the second - 23give an example of where this synaptic strengthening may be apparentlong term memory
long term depression - 24what is synaptic coincidencepresynaptic activity increases sensitivity of post synaptic neuron leading to potentiation
fire at the same time - 25what is LTPlong term potentiation
- 26what is long term potentiationpersistent strengthening of synapses based on their activity
- 27what neurotransmitter + receptors are required for LTPglutamate
AMPA
NMDA - 28how does this potentiation occurglutamate binds AMPA which opens and causes sodium influx + AP
which depolarises membrane causing removal of magnesium plug from NMDA
so calcium influx through NMDA occurs - 29what does this calcium influx cause (LTP molecular mechanisms)activation of calcium dependent kinases -> increased conductance of existing AMPA channels
AND
increases insertion of extra AMPA receptors - 30therefore in summary what does coincidence firing and LTP lead toincreased sensitivity of post synaptic membrane + increased signalling of glutamate
- 31if there is little calcium influx what occursactivation of enzymes that dephosphorylate synpatic proteins --> weakening of post synaptic membrane
- 32what is this low calcium induced weakening of post synaptic membrane calledlong term depression (LTD)
- 33what determines the synaptic strengththe degree of firing coincidence
- 34what are neurotrophinsfamily of proteins that enable the survival, development and functioning of neurons
- 35what does increased neuronal activity do to neurotrophinsincreases synthesis, release and signalling of neurotrophins
- 36what 4 things do neurotrophins do1. change post synaptic membrane reponsiveness
2. change morphology of synapse
3. increased neurotransmitter release
4. increase membrane excitability (post) - 37so what is the overall effect of LTP induced neurotrophin releasechange in morphology of the neurons in response to LTP
LTP related plasticity - 38so what does this plasticity mean in terms of learning abilitythrough multiple experiences there is consolidation and a physical change in synaptic strength allowing easier recollection and stronger memory iin the cortical assocaition --> hippocampus pathway
- 39give an area of high plasticity in the brain and whyhippocampus as it is involved in memory integration
- 40give an area of low plasticity in the brain and whyprimary sensory areas - if you feel something in one finger you don't also want to feel it in another finger so neuronal synapses are rigid
- 41have drugs been developed to enhance memoryno but there have been drugs that enhance brain metabolism, cerebral circulation and more protection
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- Year 2 Biomedicine Year 2 (Neuroscience) Flashcards on N3 - learning + memory, created by Georgie Philpott on 31/12/2022.
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- Georgie Philpott
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