Flashcards
(e) Ch. 9 Terms
Cards in this deck (39)
- 1Deviancethe recognized violation of cultural norms; acts are not deviant in nature, it is how society responds by labeling it "deviant"; varies according to cultural norms; people become deviant when they are defined that way
- 2Crimethe violation of a society's formally enacted criminal law
- 3Social Controlattempts by society to regulate people's thought and behaviour
- 4Criminal Justice Systema formal response by police, courts, and prison officials to alleged violations of the law
- 5Containment Theoryindividual factors like the ability to cope with frustration and identifying positively with cultural norms and values are related to fewer problems with police
- 6Durkheim's Basic Insight1. Deviance affirms cultural values and norms
2. Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries
3. Responding to deviance brings people together
4. Deviance encourages social change - 7Merton’s Strain Theorydeviance depends on the extent to which society provides the means to achieve cultural goals
- 8Conformityuses approved means
- 9Innovationstrain between cultural goals and opportunities to get them; people may use illegitimate means (crime)
- 10Ritualisminner rejection of cultural goal
- 11Retreatismdropping out
- 12Rebellionseeking new cultural goals
- 13Labelling Theorydeviance and conformity result from how society responds to people’s actions
- 14Primary Deviancesome violations are minimal
- 15Secondary Devianceif labelled by people as a deviant, a person may adopt the identity
- 16Stigmaa powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person’s self-concept and social identity
- 17Retrospective Labelinginterpreting someone’s past in light of present deviance
- 18Projective Labelinga deviant identity is used to predict future action, such as repeated molestation
- 19Medicalization of Deviancethe transformation of moral and legal issues into a medical condition (who and how do people respond to deviance?)
- 20Sutherland’s Differential Association Theorya person’s tendency toward conformity or deviance depends on the amount of contact with others who encourage—or reject—conventional behaviour; Learning any behavioural pattern is a process that takes place in groups
- 21Hirschi’s Control Theory: Attachmentstrong social attachments encourage conformity
- 22Hirschi’s Control Theory: Opportunityaccess to legitimate opportunity produces conformity
- 23Hirschi’s Control Theory: Involvementtime and energies linked to “legitimate” activities inhibit deviance
- 24Hirschi’s Control Theory: Beliefstrong belief in conventional morality and respect for authority inhibits deviance
- 25White-Collar Crimecrimes committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupation (e.g. fraud, bribery, and embezzlement)
- 26Corporate Crimeillegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf
- 27Organized Crimea business supplying illegal goods or service
- 28Hate Crimecriminal act against a person or person’s property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias
- 29Victimization Surveysasking a representative sample of Canadians their experience with property and violent crime
- 30Plea Bargaininglegal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge for a defendant’s guilty plea; spares the judicial system the time and expense of a court trial but pressures defendants to plead guilty; may undercut rights; “bargain-counter justice”
- 31Retributionmoral vengeance; society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime
- 32Deterrenceattempt to discourage criminality through punishment
- 33Rehabilitationa program for reforming the offender to prevent more offenses
- 34Societal Protectionrendering offender incapable of more offenses either through incarceration or permanently by execution
- 35Probationoffender remains under supervision of an officer in the community
- 36Paroleearly release to serve remainder of sentence in the community
- 37Sentencing Circlesfor Aboriginal offenders, included accused, victim, families and other community members
- 38Recidivismsubsequent offenses by people previously convicted of crimes; is high so deterrence is questionable
- 39Community-Based Correctionscorrectional programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls
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- Deviance
- Created by
- erin.martin03 · Dec 2015
- Updated
- Feb 19, 2016
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