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Flashcards

METHODOLOGY

Lizzie Sykes METHODOLOGY English 74 cards

Cards in this deck (74)

  1. 1SetThing that contains a bunch of things.
  2. 2Membershipa is a member of set A.
  3. 3Axiom of extensionalitySets A and B are one and the same set if and only if every member of A is also a member of B.
  4. 4Axiom of comprehensionFor any condition C, there is set A of things that fulfil the condition C.
  5. 5UnionSet that contains everything that is either a member of A or B.
  6. 6IntersectionSet that contains everything that is both a member of A and B.
  7. 7InclusionA is included in B if and only if anything that is a member of A is also a member of B.
  8. 8Empty setSet with no members.
  9. 9Power setGiven a set X, the power set of X is the set of subsets of X.
  10. 10Proper subsetA is a subset of B, but B is not a subset of A.
  11. 11Singleton setSet that contains just one member.
  12. 12Russell's paradoxShows failure of axiom of comprehension (it leads to a contradiction). Suppose R contains itself, then it doesn't fulfil the condition for being a member of R, so R doesn't contain itself. Suppose R doesn't contain itself, then it fulfils the condition for being a member of R, so R does contain itself. No set of things fulfilling the condition of 'being a set that doesn't contain itself', so there is not a set of things that fulfils any condition ever.
  13. 13UseWe use a words when we use it standardly to talk about the thing it denotes. Eg my dog is an old English breed.
  14. 14MentionWe mention a word when we put it in quotes to talk about the expression itself. Eg 'dog' has an old English root.
  15. 15Letter typeA category which several things exemplify. Eg t, a and o for 'tattoo'.
  16. 16Letter tokenExample of broader category. Eg 3ts, 1a and 2os for 'tattoo'.
  17. 17Natural numbers0, 1, 2, 3...
  18. 18Integers...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3...
  19. 19Rational numbersFractions eg 3/5
  20. 20Real numbersDecimals eg 567.123
  21. 21Irrational numbersReal numbers include irrational numbers e.g. pi (infinite non-repeating decimals)
  22. 22One-to-one correspondenceEvery member of set A is matched with one and only one member of set B. A set is countable if and only if it can be put in one-to-one correspondence with the natural numbers. Countable sets include integers, rational numbers and English sentences.
  23. 23EquinumerousTwo sets are equinumerous if and only if we can put them in one-to-one correspondence.
  24. 24Cantor's diagonal proofProves that there can be no one-to-one correspondence between natural numbers and real numbers. This is because it is impossible to make a complete list of all the real numbers (decimals). There will always be more real numbers than natural numbers.
  25. 25A prioriReason.
  26. 26A posterioriExperience.
  27. 27AnalyticTautologies.
  28. 28SyntheticWhen not part of the meaning of the word.
  29. 29Principle of identity substitutionLink to Russell's Hidden Description ie Hespherus/Phosphorus example. Substitution of the name m for the name n in S, does not affect the truth of S.
  30. 30Deontic useAllowed, permitted. Duty, obligation.
  31. 31Epistemic useCompatible with what somebody knows.
  32. 32Alethic useCompatible with how things are (reality).
  33. 33Physically possiblePossible given the laws of nature.
  34. 34Metaphysically possiblePossible in the broadest sense i.e. absolute possibility.
  35. 35NecessaryOnly p is possible or only not-p is possible.
  36. 36ContingentPossible that p and possible that not-p.
  37. 37Lexical ambiguityWord has several meanings.
  38. 38Structural ambiguitySeveral ways to combine the words.
  39. 39Quantifier phraseeg all dogs, most surfers.
  40. 40Wide scopeWord controls the whole sentence.
  41. 41Narrow scopeWord controls only a subpart of the sentence.
  42. 42Indefinite descriptionPhrase of the form 'a...'
  43. 43Definite descriptionPhrase of the form 'the...'
  44. 44Rigid designatorSame object in all possible worlds in which that object exists, never designates anything else.
  45. 45Proper nameRigidity is most straightforwardly applied to proper names of concrete objects. Denotes a unique individual or thing.
  46. 46De reNecessity that arises from the nature of things, contain rigid designators ('necessarily' and 'possibly' take narrow scope).
  47. 47De dictoNecessity that arises from logic and definitions alone, contain no rigid designators (starts with 'necessarily' or 'possibly', take wide scope).
  48. 48Subjective probabilityie credence. The degree to which an agent expects a certain outcome.
  49. 49Objective probabilityReal tendencies for certain outcomes to occur.
  50. 50CredencesDegrees of belief.
  51. 51Dutch book theoremA bet that's guaranteed to lose you money, no matter how things turn out. Eg if someone's credence in p is 2/3, and their credence in not-p is 2/3, their bets are sure to lose.
  52. 52Irrational......to have credences that violate the probability axiom. Must be probabilistically coherent otherwise liable to Dutch book.
  53. 53ConditionalizationAdapt an old probability proposition, following the acquisition of knowledge, to form a new probability proposition.
  54. 54Base-rate fallacyCommon error of overlooking base-rate info.
  55. 55Probabilistic independencePr (p|q) = Pr (p)
  56. 56+ probabilistic dependencePr (p|q) > Pr (p)
  57. 57- probabilistic dependencePr (p|q) < Pr (p)
  58. 58Spurious correlationA false presumption that two variables are correlated when in reality they are not ie correlation without a causal link. A spurious correlation is often the case because there is a third factor which is not apparent at the time of the initial examination.
  59. 59Screening offNecessary for the absence of a direct causal link. A correlation between two properties can be screened off by a third property. Screening off occurs when this third factor is realised.
  60. 60Strong dominanceAn act A strongly dominates an act B if A is better than B at every state.
  61. 61Weak dominanceAn act A weakly dominates an act B if A is at least as good as B at every state, and better than B in some states.
  62. 62Dominance principleAlways take the dominating act.
  63. 63Decisions under ignoranceWhen the states are not given probabilities.
  64. 64MaximaxTake the action with the best possible outcome.
  65. 65MaximinTake the action whose outcome is the best, worst one.
  66. 66Minimax regretTake the action with the lowest, maximum regret.
  67. 67Ordinal utilityAn ordering of outcomes from best to worst, using letters.
  68. 68Cardinal utilityEvaluation of outcomes, using numbers.
  69. 69Game theoryOutcome of choices depends on the interactions of several agents.
  70. 70Prisoner's dilemmaSet of acts is dominant, even though another set of acts is better for everyone, which should one choose?
  71. 71Tragedy of the commonsIndividually, better to take one's cow to the common pasture for instance, but collectively it is not beneficial.
  72. 72DuopolyTwo suppliers dominate the market.
  73. 73Iteration'Not talk' option.
  74. 74Iterated dominanceGame solution that relies on repeatedly eliminating the strategies that are (strongly or weakly) dominated for a player. Relies on the assumption of common knowledge of rationality ie assume other player is rational.

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METHODOLOGY Flashcards on METHODOLOGY, created by Lizzie Sykes on 02/05/2017.
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Lizzie Sykes
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