Functional Groups

Functional Groups

1. Hydroxyl

   • -OH
   • polar from electronegative oxygen
   • Alcohols
     • Ethanol
     • Ends in ol

2. Carbonyl

   • CO
   • Ketones, Aldehydes
     • Ketone if in carbon skeleton
     • Aldehyde if at end of carbon skeleton
     • Can also be found in sugars (ketoses, aldoses)
   • structural isomers with different properties
   • Acetone, propanal

3. Carboxyl

   • CO2H
   • Carboxylic Acids, organic acids
   • Acts as acid
     • Can donate H+
       • Due to how polar oxygen and hydrogen are
   • In ionized cells with charge of 1-
     • Called carboxylate

4. Amino

   • NH2
   • Amines
   • Acts as base
     • Picks up H+
   • Found in ionized cells with charge of 1+

5. Sulhydryl

   • -SH
     • Thiols
   • 2 of these groups can react
     • Creates covalent bond
   • Helps stabilize protein structure

6. Phosphate

   • PO4
   • contributes negative charge to molecule
     • -2 when at end
     • -1 when internally of chain of phosphate
   • Has the potential to react with water
   • Organic Phosphates

7. Methyl

   • CH3
   • Methylated compounds
   • Affects gene expression
   • Arrangements of groups in sex hormones affects shape and function