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Biology

Autumn Polk Biology English

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Biology

Biodiversity
- Levels of organization:
  - Species --> Population --> Community --> Ecosystem --> Biome --> Biosphere
- Things that result in loss of biodiversity:
  - Animals --> Plants --> Human Action --> Evolution
- Threats to biodiversity:
  - Pollution
  - Climate Change
  - Habitat loss/ Degradation
  - Over Exploitation (overfishing)
  - Spread of non-native species/ Diseases
- Phylogenetics
  - Sister Species
  - monophyletic
  - polyphyletic
  - paraphyletic
  - Evolutionary Relationships
    - Traits that increase fitness:
      - anatomical
      - physiological
    - Things that affect the function of an organism:
      - size, shape, and physical properties of organs and organisms
- Diversity
  - 3 Domains of Diversity:
    - Eukarya
    - Archaea
    - Bacteria
      - human microbiome
  - Prokaryotes
    - Characteristics:
      - No Nucleus( DNA not enclosed)
      - No membrane enclosed structures
      - 0.1-10 micrometers in size
      - Evolved 3.5 million years ago(first form of life)
      - Archaea and Bacteria only
  - Eukaryotes
    - Characteristics:
      - DNA in Nucleus
      - Membrane enclosed stuctures (organelles)
      - 10-1000 micrometers in size
      - Evolved 1.5 billion years ago
      - All other cells
Natural Selection
- Darwin's Theory of Evolution:
  - Evolution, or change over time.
    - Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
      - Conditions:
        1. no mutations
        2. no gene flow
        4. no genetic drift
        Types genetic drift:
        Bottleneck Effect
        Founder Effect
        5. no natural selection
        Modes of Natural Selection:
        Stabilizing selection
        Directional selection
        Divergent selection
        Intrasexual selection
        Sexual selection
        3. Random Mating
      - Genotype Frequencies
        SS
        Ss
        ss
      - Allele Frequencies
      - Phenotypes
    - Molecular Evolution
      - DNA replication
    - Microevolution
    - Macroevolution
      - Adaptive Radiation
      - Speciation
        Biological Species Concept
        Prezygotic Isolation:
        a. Temporal
        b. Behavioral
        c. Habitat
        d. Mechanical
        e. Gametic Barriers
        Postzygotic Isolation:
        a. Reduced Hybrid Viability
        b. Hybrid Sterility
        Morphological Species Concept
        Phylogenetic Species Concept
        Ecological Species Concept
        Sympatric Speciation
        Geographical Seperation
        Vicariance
        gene flow
        Allopatric Speciation
        Calenization/dispersal
        Vicarince
    - Convergent Evolution
      - homology/analogy
      - synapomorphy
  - The theory can explain Earth's Biodiversity
  - A scientific Theory is a explanation of natural events, supported by evidence
  - Darwin's 4 postulates:
    - 4. Difference between Generations
    - 1. Indivisual Variation
    - 2. Heritability
    - 3. Over Reproduction
Conservation Biology
Multicellular organisms
- Diffusion
  - Bulk Flow
- Animals
  - Gap Junctions
  - Blastula
  - gastrula
- Plants
  - Plasmodesmata
  - meristems
  - Photosynthesis
    - desiccation
    - gymnosperms
      - ex: Pine Trees
    - Angiosperms
      - ex: flowering plants, grasses, oak trees
    - epidermis
      - Vascular Tissues
        Xylem
        Phloem
      - Ground Tissues
        Parenchyma
      - Stomata
        2 Guard Cells
Homeostasis
- Osmosis
  - Solutes
  - aquaporins
  - Osmoregulation
  - Osmoconformers
Characteristics of Life:
- Cellular Organization
  - Homeostasis
    - growth and development
      - Reproduction
        Heredity
        adaptation through evolution
        metabolism
        response to stimuli
        Asexual Reproduction:
        One Parent
        Offspring looks identical to parent
        DNA is identical to parent
        No Variation, same gene pool
        Preserves genetic continuity
        Faster process
        Mitosis
        In somatic cells
        4 phases, produces 2 diploid daughter cells
        Genetic variation does not change
        Types:
        Budding
        Binary Fussion
        Fragmentation
        Regeneration
        Cloning
        Sexual Reproduction:
        2 Parents
        Offsprings look similar but not identical
        Combined DNA of 2 parents
        Lots of variation, different and larger gene pool
        Allows for adaptation and bad mutations
        Slower process
        Meiosis
        In germ cells
        8 phases ,produces 4 haploid daughter cells
        Genetic variation increases
        Types:
        Self- Fertilization
        Decreases genetic variation
        Pollinates different flower, but same indivisual
        Cross- Fertilization
        Increases genetic variation
        Pollinates different indivisuals
      - Nutrients
        Macronutrients
        Microbe Macromolecules:
        Nucleic Acid
        Carbohydrate
        Lipid
        Protein
        Nutrient Acquisition
        How organisms acquire nutrients:
        Ingesting them as food source
        absorbing them
        phagocytosis
        direct diffusion
        extra cellular digestion
        cellular respiration
        photosynthesis
      - Liebig's Law of the minimum
Ecology
- Species Coexistence:
  - niche differentiation/resource partitioning
  - character displacement
  - fitness tradeoffs
- ecological niche
  - Shaped By:
    - competition
    - natural selection
    - diversification
  - Keystone species
  - Invasive species
- Coevolution
  - mutualistic interactions
- Types:
  - organism
  - population
  - community
  - ecosystem
  - biosphere
- Community Ecology
  - Population Ecology
    - Individuals
      - Nutrient Acquisition
      - Reproduction
      - Temperature Regulation/Water

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Description: Biology Mind Map on Biology, created by Autumn Polk on 28/08/2020.
Created by: Autumn Polk · Aug 2020
Updated: Dec 3, 2020
Views: 12
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Biology

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