Second Language Acquisition

Second Language Acquisition

1. LEARNER CHARACTERISTICS

   • Intelligence
   • Language Learning Aptitude
   • Learning Styles
   • Personality
   • Attitudes & Motivation
   • Motivation in the classroom
   • Identity & ethnic group affiliation
   • Learner beliefs
   • Age
     • The critical period
     • Intuitions of grammaticality
     • Rate of learning

2. LEARNER LANGUAGE

   • Contrastive Analysis
   • Error Analysis
   • Interlanguage
   • Developmental Sequences
   • L1 Influence
     • L1 Acquisition
       • 0-3 Milestones & Developmental Sequences
       • Pre-school years
       • School years
     • Perspectives
       • Behaviourist
       • Innatist
       • Interactional/Developmental
     • Language Disorders & Delays
     • Childhood Bilingualism
   • Sampling it

3. THEORIES

   • Behaviourist
     • Mimicry & memorization
       • Krashen's ideas about the innateness of linguistic knowledge in  SLA are broader than is usual for a nativist in the sense that he does not restrict himself to  syntactic principles. But his views are in agreement with the idea of many nativists that older learners have this ability at their disposal to the same degree as younger learners do. Krashen's (1981, 1982, 1985) model is based on five hypotheses, which I will summarize here:     
   • Innatist
     • Krashen's 'Monitor Model`
   • Cognitive
     • Information processing
     • Usage-based learning
     • The competition model
     • Language & the brain
     • Interacting, noticing, processing & practising
   • Sociocultural
     • Learning by talking

4. INSTRUCTION

   • Age
   • Individual Differences
   • Learning Conditions & Settings
     • Natural Acquisition
     • Structure-based instruction
     • Communicative instruction
   • Classroom observation
     • Teacher-student interactions
     • Student-student interactions
     • Corrective feedback
     • Questions
   • Ethnography
   • Proposals
   • The intersection of styles, strategies & motivation
   • Evolution
     • Early History
     • Traditional Methods
       • Grammar-Translation
     • Contemporary Trends
       • CLT

5. UNIVERSALS

   • VOCABULARY
     • Lexicogrammar
     • What's a word?
       • Token,
       • Multi-word units
         • Core idioms
         • Figuratives
         • Literals
           • Collocations
       • Word type
       • Lemma
     • Size
       • Learner's Needs
       • Usefulness
       • Frequency
     • SLA Theories
       • Meaning-focused input
       • Meaning-focused output
       • Deliberate learning
       • 4 skills fluency
     • Teaching it
       • Guessing from context
       • Word cards & word parts
       • Dictionaries
     • Evaluating it
     • Limitations
       • The Lexical Bar
       • Voc. size & Language Proficiency
   • PRAGMATICS
   • PHONOLOGY
   • STRATEGIES
     • Language use
       • Retrieval
       • Rehearsal
       • Communication
         • Avoidance/Reduction
           • Message abandonment
           • Topic avoidance
           • Message Replacement
         • Achievement/Compensatory
           • Circumlocution
             • Describing or exemplifying the target word you cannot remember:     ‘the thing you open bottles with’  (corkscrew) it becomes water instead of “melt”    
           • Approximation
           • All-purpose words
           • Word-coinage
           • Non-linguistic means
           • Literal translation
           • Foreignizing
           • Code switching
         • Stalling/Time gaining
           • Fillers & hesitation devices
           • Repetition
         • Interactional
           • Appeal for help
           • Asking for repetition
           • Asking for confirmation
           • Expressing non-understanding
           • Interpretive summary
       • Cover
     • Language Learning
       • Psychological
         • Cognitive
         • Meta-cognitive
         • Affective
         • Social
       • Skills
         • Listening
         • Reading
         • Speaking
         • Writing
         • Vocabulary
         • Grammar
         • Translation
   • GRAMMAR
     • Prescriptive
     • Descriptive
       • Issues & Limitations
       • Formal
       • Functional
     • Pedagogical
     • SLA Theories
       • Habit Formation
     • Teaching it
   • DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

6. APPLIED LINGUISTICS

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