Evolution

Evolution

1. Fossil Evidence: Records that provide a snapshot of how changes occurred in species.

   • Evolution of birds, They have evolved from diansours. Archaeopteryx found in upper limestone of Jurrasic, which is 150 million years old. This is a full skelton with all traits of a dinasour like claw, teeth but at the same time had feathers. This was the fossil that led to the begginign of birds, as scientist wanted to know, about this new physical trait.
     • Considered very important as the “first” bird ever found on the Earth. Archaeopteryx wings are considered to not only there to help them to survive rather, insulators as well. This was considered a favourable trait that it had helped them better in their enviroment. Still, there are a lot of controversies about this as 12 new fossils were found, of which a few were show in the meeting in Berlin last month. Some scientist believe that these fossils portray the birds better and Archaeopteryx may have been another dinosaur, or this was the transition fossil and new fossils are true birds.
   • Karaurus Sharovi: Karaurus was an early genus of salamander; it is know from a beautifully complete and articulated skeleton found in southern Kazakhstan. The complete skeleton was found in sediments that date to the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian). It had a total length of 20 cm. They have similar lifestyle and other habits like hunting small invertebrates in water to provide themselves with food.
     • It is an extinct species, but has definitely given a lot more to is. Researchers have found that they would have performed similar functions as other animals to survive to know more about them, by finding out how they compare to other species, but this also provides us with more information on the species that are alive, giving a better scope for finding more fossils and new species.
   • Amphistium: Transition fossil of a flatfish, it shows the changes from being a summetric to asymetric. Flatfish are a family from Pleuronectiformes but mainly known for their aysymmetric features. This fossil shoes the movemtn of the wye from one side to the other, becasue the eye is seen on the forehead, as it started to move from one to another side.
     • Such things is still inspiring young generation to research more on the beggining of species and evolution on Earth like Mr. Friedman. He is a PhD student who has found 3 example of transition of the phase of symmetric to asymmetric in flatfish. This has also given an answer to the Charles Darwin unanswered question as he believed in evolution and this was true then there should have been fossils of such transition, which were never found. Still, few questions remain unanswered that why did it take so long for the fossils to be found and their diversity all over the world?

2. Biogeographic Evidence: The evolving of the species because of the change in the environment and the geographic areas.

   • Distribution of Species: Species are distributed on the world with such patterns that show how the geographic changes lead them to prefer one place over another one. An example is lava from kilauea volcano spills over mountains and with wind it spills all over, this causes species to stay in Hawaii. There are 530 fishes in hawaii water out of the 2500 that are found in the water of the philippines. Only 6 out of 174 songbirds are native to hawaii, so it`s natural environment is not the best to produce more birds organisms home to itself.
     • Although this example shows that there is not an equal distribution of species over the world, it is significant that because of the distribution, these species are still alive today. In general, each of the living thing is surviving because of the cycle to maintain a balance and making overproduction of any particular species. Theory of evolution, is explained because they are the same species and they should have the same formation initially but as only some of them can survive the volcanic eruption while other`s can`t, means they have adapted to the environment.
   • They are one of the most unique species as survive in the most cold. They survive best in ice and freezed places but they have just one area (antarctica) to survive in. They are said to have common ancestors with the brown bear and this change occurred over 35 million years ago. Their diet completely changes there as it’s not possible for them to survive on the same diet as brown bear (other land animals) rather their diet is seals or other small animals.
   • Changes is movement of the plates: At the time of Charles Darwin, there was no tectonic plate movement so the place was considered one ‘peice’ and it seems most things to change because of reasons other than geographic changes. The tectonic plate movement cause change in the formation of the earth, and during this period some of them stayed where they were and the other moved to complete opposite parts of the world. This change in their geography and the environment around them because of the changes in the world. Now climate change can add to another factor to this as well, as new changes in the environment.
     • This was the most important part of the the biogeographic evolution as the original step that made changes in the world, which is the reason of the evolution. If this wasn’t suppose to happen, it may not have been true that the evolution would have been as severe, because most of the evolutionary changes of the adaptations to the food, lifestyle if nothing was ever to change.

3. Molecular Evolution: The study of molecular evolution--how gene sequences change and evolve over time--is an important part of bioinformatics,the study of DNA sequence information.

   • All living organisms are made up of the exact same acids and components just differs in slight combination of the way all the acids and proteins produced are combined. This proves the common ancestor of all organisms and the genetic continuity. At the same time, we are all aware of the different each organisms is like horses, don’t behave like humans, we are not the same as lions etc. Each organism shows different strengths and weakness, so there are changes in the genetic combination of each of them.
   • Humans and various Animals : There are the exact same 104 amino acids of cytochrome c protein found in humans and Chimpanzees but rhesus chimpanzees have 1 extra amino acid and horses with 11 extra amino acids. This explains why there can be similarities found in all organisms but still, cannot be be considered the same. The tiny little difference of 1 amino acid can make a human to a rhesus chimpanzee.
     • This is one of the most strong proof of |Darwin theory of all species arising from one ancestor but overtime not staying them becasue of mutations. Similarties in the DNA is a proof that cannot be proven wrong, show how each of the organisms came from pne place but one single change has made them different.
   • Mammoths and modern elephants The DNA comparison by scientists show elephants in Asia are more common/close to mammoths compare to Modern african or asian elephants.. Scientist had take bones and performed chemocal reation to find the DNA, later it met with 95.8% with asian elephnats compare to African,. This is becasue it is suggested that mammathos branched of 440,000 years late, making them more similar.
     • This example shows the re are less mutations in the most recent speciatiion. Although none of the modern elepahnts are the same as mammoths but the Asian ones wer the ones that had most recently speicated, so there are less mutations and more similarties with mammoths.

4. Anatomy Evolution:

   • Feline and Cats:Cats evolution has been in process for a really long time, about 4000 years ago. It is believed that there family was domesticated in Europe first. Lions and tigers are all parts of the feline family, and were given the name of miacids. Then three main types of cats evolved, one being African wild cat from which the today’s domestic cats evolved. The proof is the tabby markings, wide eyes, body shape, eating habits and the common ancestor would be puesdraldeous.
     • The domestication of wolves has lead them to become dogs, the became preferred and these were passed on the future generation. So, the process of natural and artificial selection can be seen which is the most important parts of evolution and changes ‘forced evolution’ according to the modern society.
   • Dogs and Wolves: Domestic dogs belong to the family Canidae, and evolved from wolves. Both of them posses the same physical structures like sleek muscular bodies, sharp claws, detached shoulder blades from shoulders. The structure s the same but the use has changed because of dogs becoming domesticated.
   • Human and Bats : Exact same type of bones found in the limbs of each organism (Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals etc.) although their functions may not be the same. This make this a homologous trait, that has the same structure with different functions. Their is a structure that has similarities they way they look showing common ancestor and they way they should have evolved.
     • This is a simple example of anatomy that show th same sutructure but different uses becasue of them not being used for that same reason intially. Organisms tend to perform acions exactly like what thhey are taught frm the begginign. There is not chanfe on avaearge and this can be sen through the ecampel, ,as the sutructure is the same.

5. Embryological Evolution: The evolution of the gametes that lead to produce different species when compared, as the embryos of all species look similar in the beginning stages.

   • Fish and Humans: The slits are found in the embryos of humans and fish on the neck in fish they turn out to be gills in their system that helps them breath and act as their respiratory system, so they play an important part. In humans, these are not their respiratory system but rather change into the human ear.
   • Tunicate and a Mouse: Mouse is a veterbrae and tunicates are invertebrae, still there is a formation of thin tiff rod wchich later turns into the veterabe (backbone) in a organisms. Since, this is found in the invertibrae as well
   • Annelids and Molluscs: these are worms and molluscus, eho are diffent as worms are slimy and small molluscus are similar to snails, who have a shell over them and have no particular similarties. The animals are completely different but the embryos for both of them are indistinguishable. They have the same process for each stage in the development from being an embryo to a full growth animals.