Chapter 4 map

Chapter 4 map

1. Vision

   • The Eye
     • Retina
       • Absorbs light, processes images and sends information to the brain
     • Optic disk
       • Blind spot
       • Point of entry for optic nerve
     • Receptor cells
       • Rods
         • Night and peripheral vision
       • Cones
         • Daylight and colour vision
     • Pupil
       • The opening in the iris that controls how much light is let into the eye.
     • Lens
       • Focuses light rays
     • Iris
       • Coloured ring of muscle that expands and contracts
     • Fovea
       • A tiny spot at the centre of the retina that is only cones
   • Adaption
     • Dark Adaption
     • Light Adaption
   • Saccades
     • The eye is always in motion
   • Optic Chiasm
     • Where the Optic nerves from each eye cross over on the brian
   • Feature Detectors
     • Nerve cells in the Brain that respond to specific features of stimuli like movement, shape or angle
   • Depth perception
     • Our ability to see the world on 3D, it relies on both eyes together and indiviually

2. Audition

   • The Ear
     • Outer Ear
       • Collects and amplifies sound
     • Middle Ear
       • Air filled and transforms sounds into vibrations
       • Ossicles
         • Hammer
         • Anvil
         • Stirrup
     • Inner Ear
       • Fluid filled and transduces sound vibrations into natural signals
       • Cochlea
         • A coiled tunnel that hold the auditory recptor
         • Basilar membrane
           • Hair Cells
             • Auditory Receptors
   • Place theory
     • Pitch perception depends on where along the Basilar membrane the vibration occurs
   • Frequency Theory
     • Pitch corresponds to the frequency and rate that the basilar membrane vibrates

3. Gustation

   • Transduction happens in the taste cells
     • They are located all over the mouth but are mostly on the tongue
   • Taste cells are locates in in clusters called taste buds
   • 5 main Flavors can be tasted
     • Sweet
     • Bitter
     • Salty
     • Sour
     • umami

4. Olfaction

   • Most closely tied to memory of the senses
   • Allows humans to sense and interpret Pheromone signals
   • Nasal Cavity
     • Olfactory Receptors

5. Somatosensation

   • Receptor cells are in 3 catogories
     • Mechanoreceptors
       • Presure and texture
     • Theromoreceptors
       • Tempature
     • Nociceptors
       • Pain

6. Other key points

   • Psychophysics
     • The relationship between outside stimuli and mental processes
   • Threshold
     • The change in stimulus that is discernibly differently 50% of the time
     • Absolute Threshold
       • The smallest level of stimuli that is detectable to human senses
     • Just noticeable difference (JND)
       • The smallest change in the amount of stimulation a sense can detect
       • Weber's law
   • Sensory Adaption
     • A gradual decline in sensitivity over time
   • Receptive Field
   • Transduction
     • The conversion of stimuli from one form to another