Chapter 7

Chapter 7

1. Types of Memory

   • Implicit memory: is apparent when retention is exhibited on a task that does not require intentional remembering
     • Explicit Memory: Involves intentional recollection of previous experiences
       • Declarative Memory System: handles factual information
         • Non Declarative Memory System: houses memory for actions, skills, operations and conditioned responses
   • Episodic Memory: Made up of chronological or temporally dated recollections of personal experiences
     • Semantic Memory System: Contains general knowledge that is not ties to the time when the information was learned
       • Prospective Memory: Involves remembering to preform actions in the future
         • Retrospective Memory: remembering events from the past or previously learned information

2. Encoding

   • Encoding: Involves forming a memory code
     • Levels of Processing Theory: proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer lasting memory codes
       • Elaboration: Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of the encoding
         • Imagery: the creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered
           • Dual-Coding theory: Holds memory that is enhanced by forming semantics and visual codes since either can lead to recall
             • Self- Referent Encoding: Involves deciding how or whether info is personally relevant
     • Attention: Involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
       • Selective Attention is critical to everyday fuctioning

3. Storage

   • Storage: Involves maintaining encoded information in memory overtime
     • Sensory Memory: Preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time; fraction of a second
       • Short Term Memory: Limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information up to 20 seconds
         • Working Memory: Limited capacity storage system that temporarily maintains and stores info by providing an interface between memory and action
           • Working Memory Capacity: Ones ability to hold and manipulate info in conscious attention
             • Flashbulb Memories: Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
         • Long Term Memory: Unlimited capacity store that can hold info over lengthy periods of time
     • Rehearsal: Repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information
       • Clustering: Tendency to remember similar or related items in group
         • Conspicual Hierarchy: multilevel classification system based on common properties among items
           • Schema; Organized cluster of knowledge about particular object or event abstracted from pervious experience/event
             • Sematic Network: Nodes representing concepts joined together bypathways that link related concepts
               • connectionist/ parallel distribution process: Models assume that cognitive processes depend on patters of activation in highly interconnected computalnetworks that resemble neural networks

4. Retrevial

   • Retrieval: Involves recovering info from memory stores
     • Tip of the Tongue: Temporary inability to remember something you know accompanied by a feeling that is just out of reach
       • Misinformation effect: When participants recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post event info
         • Destination Memory: Involves recalling the whom one has told what
     • Reality Monitoring: The process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources or internal sources
       • Source Monitoring: Involves making attributions about the origins of memories
         • Source Montioring Error: A memory derived from ones source is misattributed to another source

5. Forgetting

   • Forgetting Curve: Graphed retention and forgetting over time
     • Retention: Refers to the proportion of material remembered
       • Recall: Reproduced information on their own without any cues
         • Recognition: Select previously learned info from an array of options
           • Relearning: Measure of retention requires a subject to memorize information a second time todetertime how much or how many practice trials are saved by learning it before
     • Decay Theory: proposes that forging occurs because memory traces fade within time
       • Interference Theory: Proposes that people forget information because of competition from other material
         • Retroactive: new information impairs the retention of previously learned information
           • Proactive Interference: Previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information
       • Encoding Specific Principal: The initial processing of information is similar to the type of processing required by the subsequent measure
         • Repression: Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

6. The Physiology of Memory

   • Retrograde Amnesia: Involves the loss of memories for events that occur prior to he onset amnesia
     • Anterograde Amnesia: Involves the loss of memories for events that occur after the onset amnesia
   • Long-term Potation: Long lasting increase in neura excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway
     • Consolable: Hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stores in long term memory