7. 19th Century Medicine

7. 19th Century Medicine

1. Who treated illness?

   • Doctors
   • Surgeons
   • Hospital

2. What did they think caused diseases?

   • Bad air/ Miasma at first
   • Germs were discovered in 1857

3. Treatment/Prevention

   • Vaccinations
   • Antiseptic
     • Carbolic Acid
   • Anaesthetics
     • Chloroform
   • Clean Hospital

4. Key ideas

   • Vaccinations
     • Discovered by Edward Jenner
       • Safer way to prevent diseases
   • Germ theory
     • Due to the development of microscopes
       • Scientist can now see germs and link it them to disease

5. Example of change

   • Germ Theory
     • People now know what causes diseases
   • New drugs for surgery
   • New way to prevent disease (vaccinations)
   • Cleaner hospital
   • Better Public Health

6. Example of continuity

   • No antibiotics
   • People still pay for medical care
   • Belief about disease and illness continue in the 19th Century
     • Take a long time for people to accept the germ theory

7. Key figures

   • Louis Pasteur
     • First suggested Germ theory
     • Germ theory caused disease
     • He wanted to find out what made beer and wine go bad
     • Discovered a vaccine for Chicken Cholera by chance
     • He also develop a vaccine against rabies
   • Robert Koch
     • Koch began linking disease to the microbe that caused them
     • Developed a solid medium to grow culture to look at germs
     • He also developed dyeing technique to colour germs making them easier to see
     • Identified different germ caused different disease
     • Identified Anthrax and Cholera bacteria
   • Edward Jenner
     • Developed an vaccination against smallpox
     • He noticed that milkmaids were immune to smallpox
     • He tested the theory my inoculating a boy called James Phipps
   • James Simpson
     • In 1847 he discovered an effective anaesthetic called chloroform
     • The anaesthetic meant that the patient could have pain relief during surgery
     • More complicated surgery can be tried
     • Anaesthetic was widely used
       • More people died of infection to start of with
     • Mostly used in childbirth
       • Queen Victoria used it with her last child, it became more popular
     • Some people opposite it due to religious reasons
   • Joseph Lister
     • Carbolic Acid in sewer got rid of bad smells
     • Early 1860s started using it in theatres
       • Reduce infection rates
     • He heard about Germ Theory realised that germ are in the air and on surgical instruments
       • Started using Carbolic acid spray on instrument and bandages led to another reduce in infection rate
     • Surgeon didn’t like the carbolic acid spray as it irritated the skin
     • Reduce surgery death rates from 50% to 15%
   • Edwin Chadwick
     • Wrote an report about living conditions and health of the poor during Industrial Revolution
     • Terrible Cholera outbreak in 1831
     • In 1848 follow the cholera and the report a Public Health Act was pass to encourage to clean up town and cities
       • wasn’t compulsory and man did nothing
     • In 1857 Public Health Act was passed
       • The government had to do something to improve Public Health
   • Florence Nightingale
     • Horrific condition in Crimea War (1854-56) Nightingale brought to the public’s attention
     • She went to Crimea to improve Hospital conditions for British Soldiers
     • Introduce clean sheets, ward, fresh air and organization into the hospital