Final Study Guide

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CHAPTER 12: THE RECONSTRUCTION ERA

Section 1

Explain why a plan was needed for Reconstruction of the South.

govt./Congress could not decide how southern states would reenter the Union

southern economy needed to be rebuilt

the rights of former slaves were unclear

Compare the Reconstruction plans of Lincoln, Johnson, and Congress.

Lincoln --> 10% Plan (if 10% of state's voters took loyalty oath to Union, state could set up new govt.; if state's constitution abolish slavery and provided education for blacks, state would regain representation in Congress)

Johnson --> southern states --> ratify 13th Amendment; draft constitution abolishing slavery

Congress --> Civil Rights Act of 1866 (created federal guarantees of Civil Rights); if states refused 14th Amendment, state would lose seats in House of Representatives

Discuss Johnson’s political difficulties and impeachment.

blacks were not equal/should not vote

states' rights to run its own govt.

disaggrements w/Congress over southern blacks

vetoed Civil Rights Act of 1866

tried to fire last Radical Republican in his cabinet w/o asking Senate

House of Representatives failed to impeach him

Section 3

Explain why Reconstruction ended.Compromise of 1877 (Hayes --> president; federal troops removed from South; southerner appointed powerful cabinet position; southern states guarenteed money for building railroads/improving ports)

Evaluate the success and failures of Reconstruction.

successes --> restoration of Union; southern economy rebuilding/public school systems developing; blacks granted citizenship/votingrights/education/jobs/housing

failures --> southern citizens in cycles of poverty; blacks persecuted/had limited voting

CHAPTER 13: THE TRIUMPH OF INDUSTRY

Section 1

Analyze the factors that led to industrialization in the United States.

U.S. had abundance of natural resources --> fuel for industry

workforce grew with immigrating Europeans/Asians

entrepreneurs fueled revoltuon w/funds

govt. policies encouraged successes in businesses in late 1800s

CHAPTER 15: THE SOUTH AND WEST TRANSFORMED

Section 3

Analyze the impact of mining and railroads on the settlement of the West.

mining towns developed in the West; people from around the world traveled to mine there

govt. supported big mining companies who took over industry

transcontinental railroad --> needed to transport goods; helped growth of towns/cities; provided a way to transport cattle meat

Indian land was taken as a demand for it grew

millions of farmers moved West

CHAPTER 16: ISSUES OF THE GILDED AGE

Section 1

Assess how whites created a separate society in the South and how African

Americans responded.

Jim Crow Laws --> kept blacks and whites separated (separate trains, cemeteries, parks, benches, restaurants, hospitals, etc.)

voting was illegal/dangerous for blacks (poll taxes --> poor blacks could not vote ((could not pay tax to vote)); literacy tests --> most blacks had not recieved an education ((could not pass tests --> could not vote)); grandfather clauses --> person could vote as long as his ancestors had voted prior to 1866 ((no black man could vote during that time --> freed blackmen during this time could not vote))

Supreme Court cases disregarded blacks' civil rights

blacks "fought" back (established black newspapers, women's clubs, schools and colleges, political associations)

CHAPTER 17: THE PROGRESSIVE ERA

Section 1

Identify the causes of Progressivism.

industrialization

urbanization

immigration

Analyze the role journalists played in the Progressive Movement.

journalists revealed problems affecting America in the 1900s; helped bring about reforms

CHAPTER 18: AN EMERGING WORLD POWER

Section 1

Identify the key factors that prodded America to expand.

began to take more active role in world affairs

began to acquire influence/territories outside continental borders (i.e. annexation of Hawaii --> imperialism)

had a surplus of goods --> looked for new markets to raise prices (to avoid economy from sinking)

worried that Europe would take over the world if America remained isolated

Explain how the United States took its first steps toward increased global power.

purchased Alaska from Russia ($7.2 million) --> almost 2x coutry's size; expanded its reach across Pacific

annexed Hawaii (Americans established sugar cane plantations, quickly overthrew Queen Lilliuokalani)

Summarize the chain of events leading up to the United States' annexation of Hawaii.

merchant ships stopped there to East Asia; missionaires established Christian churches/schools

established sugar cane plantations

new law worried planters about sales suffering

Queen Lilliuokalani got rid of Hawaii Constitution that gave power to white planters

U.S. officials backed white planters --> overthrew queen; annexed Hawaii

CHAPTER 19: WORLD WAR I AND BEYOND

Section 1

Identify the causes of World War I.

militarism

alliances

imperialism

nationalism

Explain why the United States entered the conflict on the side of the Allies.

U.S. maintained trade w/Britain and France

Germany broke promises; continued sinking passenger ships

Germany wrote Zimmerman note (unsuccessful, but ended American neutrality)

Section 3

Describe the aims of the Fourteen Points.

peace w/o victory

self-determination (right of the people to choose their own form of government)

League of Nations (world organization established to promote peaceful cooperation between countries

Understand “peace without victory”.

peace inspired by noble ideas (not greed/vengeance)

no reparations

Explain why the United States Senate refused to ratify the treaty ending

World War I.

most senators --> isolationists

Wilson and isolationists could not compromise on treaty

Section 4

Explain the Red Scare.

fear that Communists were working to destroy American way of life.

Understand how the war changed the United States' role in world affairs.

U.S. --> leading economic world power; largest creditor nation

lent money to Britain and France

CHAPTER 20: THE TWENTIES

Explain how the United States developed a mass culture during the 20s.

automoblie (new forms of recreation; easier travel)

radio (spread news more quickly)

movies

sports heroes

work reduced hours and raised wages

flaming youth (flappers)

literature ("Lost Generation")

CHAPTER 21: THE GREAT DEPRESSION

Understand how the stock market crash contributed to the Great Depression.

more people had jobs/higher wages --> invested everything in stock; many bought on lower prices (promising to pay the rest later)

stocks sold --> prices fell; so many stock sold, market crashed completely

banks (who had invested in stock market) could not return savings to Americans; everyone lost money

Analyze how the Great Depression effected many aspects of American life.

unemployment rate: 3% to 25% in 7 years (those who kept jobs took pay cut)

many unemployed/homeless

schools closed

almost 800,000 farms wer lost (bankruptcy)

people relied on soup kitchens for food

techonolgy/communication/transportation advances slowed

CHAPTER 22: THE NEW DEAL

Examine the impact Franklin Roosevelt had on the American people after

becoming president.

New Deal programs (programs that fought against the Depression; some are still in use today)/First New Deal (relief, recovery, and reform)

Social Security Act of 1935 (enacted programs to provie income/compensation to specific groups of people/workers)

CHAPTER 23: THE COMING OF WAR

Section 1

Explain how dictators and militaristic regimes arose in several countries in

the 1930s.

Germany and Russia were not apart of Treaty of the Treaty of Versailles (bitter towards peace settlements

Italy and Japan had expected more land

all wanted revenge from the end of WWI

revolution, fear of revolution, and economic depression caused dictators to seize control

Summarize the aggressive actions taken by regimes in Europe and Asia.

Germany and Italy sent troops and seized controls of other European and some African areas

Japan invaded and seized parts of China

Analyze the response of Britain, France, and the United States to the aggressive regimes.

nothing was done (appeasement --> paying concessions to avoid war; failed)

no one wanted another WWI

Section 2

Explain how the United States became more involved in the conflict.

Nuetrality Act of 1939

reports from the war in Europe

gave Britain old warships to help w/ their defense

Lend-Lease Act

Section 3

Explain why Japan decided to attack pearl Harbor, and describe the attack

itself.

to eradicate the American air and navel presence in the Pacific

sank/damages 8 battleships, 3 cruisers, 4 destroyers, and 6 other vessels; complete surprise attack

CHAPTER 24: WORLD WAR II

Section 1

Explain why the battles of Stalingrad and Midway were major turning points

in the war.

Stalingrad --> set Germany on the defensive and the Soviet Union on the offensive (forced Nazis to retreat; faced Hitler w/the terms that he could not conquer Europe)

Midway --> ended Japanese advancement in the Pacific; ended threat on Hawaii/domination of the Pacific; set Japan on the defensive

Discuss how the Allies put increasing pressure on the Axis in North Africa

and Europe.

Allies decided to increase bombing on Germany/invade Italy

FDR announced Allies would only accept unconditional surrender (giving up completely w/o concessions

Section 2

Analyze the effects of the war on civil liberties for Japanese Americans and

others.

businesses/homes were attacked by mobs

banks refused to cash checks

grocers would not sell their food

ordered all people of Japanese ancestry on the West Coast to go to internment camps

Examine how the need to support the war effort changed American lives.

rationing (limiting purchases of produts to make sure enough were available for military use)

victory gardens (producing food for the war effort)

buying war bonds

TOTAL WAR

Section 3

Analyze the planning and impact of D-Day.

Churchill, FDR, and Stalin agreed to open a second front in France

massive invasion of France

Allies gained small amount of land in France; gained a foothold in Europe

Understand how the Allies achieved final victory in Europe.

Battle of the Bulge --> used too many German resources' demoralized its troops; Allies pushed Germany out of France

Allies closed in on Hitler; executed Mussolini

Hitler lost control of the country/troops; committed suicide

Germany surrendered

ESSAYS

Section 4

Explore the reasons that President Truman dropped the atomic bomb against

Japan.

Examine how the Holocaust developed and its results.

Section 5

Analyze the major immediate and long-term effects of World War II.