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Sociology

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Sociology

Cards in this deck (288)

  1. 1sociologyAuguste Comet
    systematic study of human society and social interaction.
    helps consider the complex connections in personal life and larger world
  2. 2sociological imaginationc. Wright Mills
    helps us understand the connection between personal experience and larger society
  3. 3Harriet Martineauperspective involving social progress towards gender and social equality
  4. 4Emile Durkheimsocieties are built on social facts, that rapidly change produces strain on society, anomie
  5. 5Anoimeloss of shared values and propose lead to loss of or ineffective use of social control
  6. 6Karl Marxcontinuous clash between owners of means of production and the workers-who must sell their labor to survive
  7. 7Max Webernecessary for individuals to acknowledge own actions
  8. 8functionalist P.society is stable,orderly system.
    societal consensus
    criticism=overlooking the importance of change, out-dated
  9. 9Conflict P.Continuous power struggle among competing groups: class, race, ethnicity, gender
    Critic=minimizes the importance of social stability and shared values in society
  10. 10Feminist P.focus on the significance of gender in understanding an explaining the inequalities between men and women at home, work, politics, laws, culture
  11. 11Symbolic Interactionist Phow people make sense of everyday social interaction through mutually understand symbols.
    Focuses on Microlevel
    Critics= Ignores Macrolevel
  12. 12Postmodern theorists PThe need for new ways to view society instead of functionalist, conflict, interactionist P.
  13. 13societya large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations
  14. 14global interdependencea relationship in which that lives of all people are closely intertwined and any one nation's problems are part of a larger global problem
  15. 15Commonsense knowledgeguides ordinary conduct in everyday life.
    Equal to a Myth-false notion to perpetuate a belief or theory on inclusive evidence
  16. 16high-income countriesnations with highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industry, administrative, and service occupations; relatively high national and personal incomes
  17. 17middle-income countriesnations with industrializing economies, urban areas, moderate levels of national and personal incomes
  18. 18low-income countriesprimarily agrarian, with little industrialization, low levels of nation and personal income
  19. 19Industrializationprocess by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade produce to manufacturing and related industries
  20. 20Urbanizationincreasing proportions of a population lives in cities rather than rural areas
  21. 21PositivismAugust Comte
    a belief that the world can be understood through the use of scientific inquiry
  22. 22law of three stages1) the theological = religious + supernatural
    2) metaphysical =abstract philosophical speculation
    3) scientific/positive =systematic, history observation, experiment, comparison
  23. 23Social DarwinismHerbert Spencer
    belief that those species of animals best adapted to their environment survive ad prosper, or die
    idea of progress adaption
  24. 24Social FactsEmile Durkheim
    patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling
  25. 25alienation Class Conflict-a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and oneself
    -struggle between capitalist class and working class
  26. 26Who said Sociology should be Value free?Max Weber
  27. 27dyad triad formal sociologyGeorg Simmel
    a group of two; a group of three
    -an approach that focuses attention on the universal, recurring social forms of the social interaction and the content of social interaction in different contexts
  28. 28theory perspective-a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and predict
    -an overall approach to or viewpoint on some subject
  29. 29societal consensusfunctionalist P
    -majority of the members share a common set of values, beliefs, and behavioral expectations.
  30. 30instrumentalist tasks expressive tasks Who believed that societies must make provisions for the social needs in order to survive?-leadership, decision making, employment=father or husband
    -housework, support child and emotional family needs=mother/wife
    Talcott parsons
  31. 31Manifest functions Latent Functions-intended and/overtly recognized by the participants in a social unit
    -unintended functions that are hidden and remain unacknowledged by participants
  32. 32social solidaritystate of having shared beliefs, values among members of a social group, along with intense and frequent interaction among group members
  33. 33macrolevel analysis microlevel analysis-examines whole societies, large scale social structures, and social systems
    -focuses on small groups rather than large-scale social structures
  34. 34Which postmodernist believed in the dissolution of TV into life?Jean Baurillard
  35. 35altruismbehavior intended to help others and done without expectation of personal benefit
  36. 36the 5 ways in knowing the worldPersonal experience
    Tradition
    Authority
    Religion
    Science
  37. 37Empirical Approach: 1)Descriptive Studies 2)Explanatory Studiesanswers questions through a direct, systematic collection and analysis of data
    1)describe social reality
    2)explain relationships, and why events occur
  38. 38Inductive Approach Deductive Approach-researcher collects and analyzes data and then generates a theory based on analysis
    -researcher begins with a theory and then collects and analyzes research to test it
  39. 39Quantitative research Process1) select and define research problems
    2)review previous research
    3)formulate hypothesis, construct variables
    4)developing the research design
    5) collect and analyze data
    6)draw conclusions and report findings
  40. 40hypothesistentative statements of the relationship between two or more concepts or variables
  41. 41objectivescientists try to ensure their biases and values do not affect their research
  42. 42deductive approach vs inductive approachdeductive approach vs inductive approach
  43. 43reliabilityextend to which a study or research instrument yields consistent results
  44. 44validityextent to which a study or research instrument accurately measures what it is measuring
  45. 45replicationrepetition of a study = the same results
  46. 46research methodsspecific strategies or techniques for conducting reseach
  47. 47experimentalways has an experimental group and control group
    -lab, natural, field experiements
  48. 48Reactivitytendency of participants to change their behavior in response to the fact that they know they are being studied
  49. 49Survey respondents-identical questions asked through interviews or questionnaires
    -provide data for analysis in interviews or questionnaires
  50. 50field research:case studies - indepth study of single event, person, or social grouping
    ethnography - study of life and activities of people by researchers who may live with that group over years
  51. 51field research: unstructured interviewsopen-ended interaction between an interviewer and an interviewee
  52. 52secondary analysisexisting material and analyze of data originally collected by others
  53. 53content analysis Cultural artifacts-systematic examination of cultural artifacts or various forms of communication to extract thematic data for conclusions about social life
    -products of individual, social organizations, tech., cultural patterns
  54. 54Triangulation-using more than one means of research, data, perspectives in a study
  55. 55material culture non material culturephysical, tangible creations that member of a society make, use, and share
    abstract, intangible human creations of society that influence people's behaviors
  56. 56technology-knowledge, techniques, tools that make it possible for people to transform resources into usable forms
  57. 57cultural universalscustoms and practices that occur across all societies
    ex-appearances, activities, intuitions, customs
  58. 58languagea set of symbols that expresses ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another
  59. 59Sapir-Whorf-hypothesislanguage shapes views of reality of its speakers
  60. 60languages effects-2 thingsgender role/identity, race/ethnicity,
  61. 61valuescollective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture
  62. 62value contradictionsvalues that conflict with one another or are mutually exclusive
  63. 63ideal culture real culture-the values and standards of behavior that people in society profess to hold
    -the values and standards of behavior that people do follow.
  64. 64norms: prescriptive norms proscriptive norms-established rules of behaviors or standards of conduct
    1)appropriate, acceptable
    2)inappropriate, unacceptable
  65. 65formal norms informal norms Sanctions-written down punishments for violators
    -unwritten standards of behavior understood by common identity
    -rewards or punishments for appropriate/inappropriate behaviors
  66. 66Folkways Mores-informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture
    -strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences
  67. 67taboosmores so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and unmentionable
  68. 68laws-2 typesformal, standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions
    Civil, Criminal
  69. 69cultural lag discovery Invention-a gap between the technical development and its moral and legal intuitions
    -learning about something previously unknown or unrecognized
    -reshaping existing cultural items into a new form
  70. 70diffusiontransmission of cultural items or social practices from one group or society to another
  71. 71subculturea group of people who share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs and behaviours that differ in some way from larger society
  72. 72counterculture culture shock-a group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms ad seeks alternative lifestyles
    -disorientation that people feel when encounter cultures radically different from their own
  73. 73cultural relativismbelief that the behaviors and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the culture's own standards
  74. 74Cultural Capital theory high culture culturePierre Boudieu
    -high culture as a device used by the dominant class to exclude the subordinate classes
    -classical music, opera, live theater, the elite
    -rock concerts, sports, movies,TV, comedys
  75. 75cultural imperialismextensive infusion of one nation's culture into other nations
  76. 76what is Culture?-knowledge, language, values, and customs passed from one generation to the next
    -essential for individual survival
    -can be a stabilizing or conflicting source withing the society
    -material and non material culture
  77. 77Socializationlifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.
    -humans need it to learn in the early years from social groups and environment
  78. 78degree of physical and human characteristics based on heredity/environment?-humans are born with unique characteristics
    or gained through socialization
    1)heredity = nature, physical makeup
    2)social environment = nurture, how we develop and behave
  79. 79Sociobiology Social isolation/contactsystematic study of how biology affects social behavior
    -social contact needed to develop the self/self-concept
  80. 80agents of socialization 4 typespersons,groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society
    family, schools, peer group, mass media
  81. 81peer groupa group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position, and similar age
  82. 82self-concept 4 components-totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves
    1) physical self = i am tall
    2) active self = i am good at soccer
    3)social self = I am nice to others
    4)psychological self = i believe in...
  83. 83self-identityour perception of what kind of person we are
    gain this info through language, symbols, and interactions with others
    -we are active agents developing plans to use in society
  84. 84looking-glass selfCharles Horton Cooley
    way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perception of others.
    -how families perceive and treat us
  85. 85families-transmit cultural and social values
    1)procreating and socializing children
    2)provide emotional support
    3)assigning position
  86. 86the school-teach knowledge and skills; influence self-image, beliefs, values
  87. 87Peer groups-sense of belonging and self-worth; reinforce cultural norms and acceptable behaviors
  88. 88Mass Media1) inform us about world events
    2)introduce us to a wide variety of people
    3)provide and opportunity to live through characters on TV
  89. 89Role-takingGeorge Herbert Mead
    -the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person in order to understand the world from another's point of view
    -I=spontaneous/unique, Me=internalized attitudes and demands of society
  90. 903 stages of self-developmentMead
    1)preparatory
    2)play
    3) game
  91. 91Cognitive DevelopmentJean Piaget
    1)sensorimotor + object permanence
    2)Preoperational
    3)Concrete operational
    4)Formal operational stage
  92. 92Moral Stages of DevelopmentLawerence Kohlberg
    Pre,Post - - Conventional
  93. 93gender socializationaspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female and male in a specific group/ society
  94. 94When does socialization end?-on going throughout the life time of the individual
  95. 95social devaluation resocialization-a person or a group is considered to have less social value than another
    -process of learning a new/different set of attitudes, behaviours
  96. 96total institutiona place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of officials who run the institution
  97. 97social interactionprocess by which people act toward or respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships/groups
  98. 98social structurea stable pattern of social relationships that exists within a particular group or society
  99. 99relative homelessness social marginality-being housed in a dwelling that fails to meet basic living standards
    -state of being part insider and outsider in the social structure
  100. 100stigma-an physical or social attribute or sign that so devalues a person's social identity that it disqualifies that person from full social acceptance
  101. 101status status set-a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, duties
    -made up of all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time
  102. 102ascribed status achieved status master status-conferred at birth or involuntarily
    -person assumes voluntarily: personal choice, merit, or direct effort
    -most important status a person occupies
  103. 103role role expectation role performance-a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status
    -a group/society's defined way to perform a specific role
    -how a person plays the role
  104. 104role conflict role strain-incompatible role demands placed on a person by two or more statues at a time
    -incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies
  105. 105-role exit-when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity
  106. 106Social Groupsconsists of 2-more people who interact frequently and share common identity and feeling of interdependence
  107. 107primary group secondary group-a small less specialized group in which members engage in face-face, emotion based interactions
    -larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited time
  108. 108social networka series of social relationships that link an individual to others
  109. 109formal organization-highly structured group for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals
  110. 110social institutiona set of organized beliefs and riles that establish how a society will strive to meet its basic social needs
  111. 111social institutions: 5 essential tasks1)Replacing Members
    2)teaching new members
    3)Producing, distributing, and consuming goods and services
    4)Preserving Order
    5)Providing and maintaining a sense of purpose
  112. 112Mechanical SolidarityEmile Durkheim
    social cohesion in pre-industrail societies, in which there is minimal division of labour and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds
  113. 113Organic SolidarityEmile Durkheim
    social cohesion in industrial societies, in which people perform specialized tasked and feel united by their mutual dependence
  114. 114Gemeinschaft GesellschaftFerdinand Tonnies
    -a traditional society: social relationships are based on personal bonds of friends and kin, stability
    -large, urban society: social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized rela. with little long term commitment to group or values
  115. 115GoffmanCivil Inattention and interaction order
  116. 116social constructionprocess of our perception of reality is shaped by the subjective meaning that we give an experience
  117. 117self-fulfilling prophecya false belief or prediction that produces a behaviors that makes the originally false belief come-true
  118. 118Ethnomethodologystudy of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves
  119. 119background expectancy breaching experimentsHarold Garfinkel
    -shared interpretation of objects and events as resulting actions
    -different activities to his students to see how breaking the unspoken rules of behaviours created confusion
  120. 120Dramaturgical Analysis Impression managementGoffman
    -study of social interaction that compares everyday life to theatrical presentation
    -peoples efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests
  121. 121Feelings RuleArlie Hochschild
    -shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation
  122. 122non-verbal communication personal space-transfer of information between persons without the use of speech
    -immediate area surrounding a person that the person claims as private
  123. 123social controlsystematic practices developed by social groups to encourage conformity and to discourage deviance
  124. 124devianceany behaviour, belief, or condition that violates cultural norms in the society or group in which it occurs
  125. 125crimean act that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms and other sanctions
  126. 126strain theoryRobert Merton
    people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals
  127. 127illegitimate opportunity structuresRichard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin
    circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot get through legitimate channels
  128. 128social bonding theoryTravis Hirschi
    -holds that probability of deviant behavior increase when a person's ties to society are weakened or broken
    1)attachment to other ppl
    2) commitment to conventional lines of behavior
    3)involvement in conventional activities
    4)belief in legitimacy of conventional values and norms
  129. 129differential association TheoryEdwin Sutherland
    -individuals have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate w/ persons who favour deviance over conformity
  130. 130Labelling Theorywilliam chambliss
    -deviants are those people who have been successfully labelled as such by others
    primary deviance(initial act)-> stigmatization -> Deviant self image -> Secondary Deviance (accepts new self, continuing deviance)
  131. 131moral entrepreneurs moral crusaders-persons who use their own views of right and wrong to establish rules and label others as deviant
    -public and media awareness campaigns that help generate public and political support for their causes
  132. 132Indictable offenses Summary conviction offenses-homicide, sexual assault, robbery, B&E
    -minor offenses: fraudulently obtaining food, causing a disturbance
  133. 1334 types of crime1) street - violent, property, moral
    2)occupational/white-collar/corporate - in course of employment, or financial affairs
    3)organized - business operation that supplies goods and services for profit
    4)political - unethical acts involving misuse of power by gov. officials, or from an outside group to undermine or overthrow
  134. 134Major types of crime reports? CUCR victimization surveys-Canadian Uniform Crime Reporting: lists police reports
    -VS = determine crimes not in police reports
    ex spousal abuse
  135. 135property violence peaks at ages15-18 years
  136. 136Men make up ___% of violence committed in Canada80
  137. 137policeopen 24 hours, in service to the people
    authority - intervene in situations where something must be done
    non-negotiable force - use force to arrest
  138. 138punishment RSRDany action designed to deprive a person of things of value
    1)Retribution
    2) Social Protection
    3) Rehabilitation
    4) Deterrence
  139. 139Restorative Justice-seek to return focus of justice to repairing harm to victim and community
    ex - victim-offender reconciliation and family gathering conferencing
  140. 140community corrections-programs, community probation, community service orders, intensive probation supervision, bail supervision
    Perks = cheaper, humanitarian, maintaining family/community ties
  141. 141persons under the age of ___ have the highest likelihood to commit a crime25 years
  142. 142Social Stratificationhierarchical arrangement of large groups based on their control over basic resources
  143. 143Max Weber - life chancesextent to which individuals have access to important societal resources = food, clothing, shelter, education, health care
  144. 144open system closed system- the boundaries between levels in the hierarchies are more flexible and influenced by achieved status
    -boundaries between levels are rigid, people's positions are set
  145. 145Social Mobilitymovement of people from one level in stratification to another
  146. 146Intergenerational mobility intragenerational mobility-social movement experienced by one generation to the next
    -social movement of individuals within their own lifetime
  147. 147Slaveryextreme stratification - owning another person
  148. 148caste system Apartheid Endogamous-social system of inequality, peoples status is ascribed at birth based on parents
    -separation of race
    -only allowed to marry within own group
  149. 149class system horizontal mobility vertical mobility-stratification based on the ownership and control of resources and work
    -loss or gain without change
    -movement up or down in class structure
  150. 150Income Wealth-economic gain through wage, salaries, government aid, ownership of property
    -property, bank accounts, stocks,bonds, insurance
  151. 151prestige powermax weber
    -the respect with which a person/ status is regarded by other
    -ability of ppl or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others
  152. 152Max webers classes of stratification1) Rentiers -wealthy individuals who live off investments and don't work
    2)Entrepreneurs - wealthy bankers, ship owners, professionals , merchants
    3)Middle class
    4)skilled labour
    5)semi-skilled labour
    6)unskilled labour
  153. 153Max Webers - SESSocioeconomic Status
    -combined measures that attempt to classify individuals, families, households, in terms of income, occupation, edcuation = class location
  154. 154pink collar occupationsrelatively low paying, nonmanual job, semiskilled
    -often held by women
  155. 155Erik Olin Wright's Class Model1) Capitalist class
    2)Managerial class
    3) small business class
    4)working class
  156. 156Consequences of inequality-difference in income, wealth
    -access to goods and services
    -opportunity and life chances
    - health and nutrition
    -type of crime commited
  157. 157low-income cutoffincome level which a family may be in straitened circumstances to spend considerably more on basic needs then average
  158. 158Absolute poverty relative poverty-people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life
    -people may be able to afford necessities but still are unable to maintain an average standard of living
  159. 159feminization of povertytrend in women who are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty
    -single mother, earns less, part time jobs
  160. 160event driven poverty reshuffled poverty multiple jeopardies- divorce, separation, widowhood
    -deprivation that follows them regardless of martial status
    -greater risk of poverty: immigrants, visible minority, disabilities
  161. 161job deskillinga reduction in proficiency needed to perform a specific job that leads to a corresponding reduction in the wages for that job
  162. 162meritocracy David-Moore thesis-hierarchy in which all positions are rewarded based on people's ability and credentials
    1)Important tasks to be filled
    2) some positions are more important
    3)Qualification must be met
    4)talent is scarce, extensive training
    5)highly rewarded positions to Quality
  163. 163racecategory of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, basis of real or alleged physical characteristics
  164. 164ethnic group 5 groupingscollection of ppl distinguished, by others or by themselves, on basis of cultural or nationality characteristics
    1)unique cultural traits
    2)a sense of community
    3)feeling of ethnocentrism
    4)ascribed membership from birth
    5)territoriality, distinct geographic location
  165. 165majority/dominant group minority group-one that is advantaged, has superior resources and rights
    -members whose physical and cultural traits are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment = objects of collective discrimination
  166. 166visible minorityofficial governments category of nonwhite/Caucasian individuals
  167. 167prejudice racial prejudice-a negative attitude based on preconceived notions about a select group
    -involves beliefs about certain racial groups making them inferior with negative traits
  168. 168stereotypesover generalizations about the appearance, behavior, characteristics of members of particular group
  169. 169scapegoata person or group that is incapable of offering resistance to hostility/aggression of others
  170. 170authoritarian personalityexcessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, high level of superstition, rigid, stereotype thinking
  171. 171social distanceextent to which a people are willing to interact and establish relationship with members of racial/ethnic groups other than their own
  172. 172discriminationactions or practices of dominant group members that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate group
  173. 1732 types of discrimination de jure de facto-a legal discrimination, encoded by law
    -informal discrimination entrenched in customs and institutions
  174. 174Robert Mertons 4 combinations of attitudes and responses1)Unprejudiced nondiscriminators - equality for all
    2)Unprejudiced disciminattors- no personal prejudices, but engages in discrimination
    3)Prejudiced nondisriminators- personal prejudices but do not discriminate
    4)prejudiced disciminators- personal prejudices and discriminate
  175. 175Racisma set of ideas implying superiority of one social group over another on the basis of biological or cultural characteristics, together with power to put beliefs into practice to deny or exclude
  176. 176Overt racism polite racism-take form of public statements about inferiority of a racial/ethnic group
    -an attempt to disguise a dislike of others through behaviors outwardly nonprejudicial
  177. 177subliminal racism institutionalized racism-a form of subconscious racism occurring when there is a conflict of values
    -made up of rules, procedures, and practices which may directly or indirectly promote, sustain, entrench differential advantage or privilege to dominant ppl
  178. 178assimilationa process in which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into dominant culture
  179. 179ethnic pluralismco-existence of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society Canadian Multiculuralism Act 1988
  180. 180Segregationspatial and social separation of categories of ppl by race, ethnicity, class, gender, or religon
    -de facto or de jure (Jim Crow Laws)
  181. 181internal colonialisma situation in which members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered or colonized and forcibly placed under economic and political control
  182. 182split-market theorydivision of economy into two areas:
    1)primary sector-upper tier/higher paid jobs
    2)secondary sector-lower paid, little security
  183. 183discourceMichael Foucault
    -different ways of structuring knowledge and social practice
  184. 184deconstructinganalyzing the assumption and meanings embedded in scientific works
  185. 185Royal Proclamation of 1763 Constitution Act 1867 Indian Act 1876-divided up territory, forbidden outside treaty
    -gave jurisdiction over Indians and land to federal gov.
    -every aspect of life controlled by gov., promote assimilation, took children away
  186. 186British North America Act 1867 quiet revolution (1960-66) Bill 101-acknowledge rights and privileges of french
    -Quebec nationalism grew, catholic church no longer control over education
    -french as sole language rejected
  187. 187Immigration Act of 1869-excluded diseased, criminals, Japanese, Chinese, east Asians
  188. 188anti-Chinese bill 1885 1907 Asiatic Exclusion Act-limit Chinese immigration, removed during Immigration act 1960s
    -restricting admissions to Japanese, and sikhs
  189. 189Continuous passage rule 1908-South Asians had to make one trip no stops, strait to canada
    -repealed after WWII
  190. 190Immigration Act 1962 1967 2002 Immigration and Refugee Act- opened the doors in nonracial basis
    -points system to enter was introduced: job training, skills, education, language, job offer
    -3 classes of families:economic, family, refugee
  191. 191sexbiological and anatomical differences between females and males.
  192. 192hermaphrodite transsexual transvestite-sexual differentiation is ambiguous/incomplete
    -a person who believes that he or she was born with body of wrong sex
    -a male who lives as a women, or female who lives as a man but does not alter genitalia
  193. 193sexual orientation homosexuality heterosexuality bisexuality-individuals preference for emotional-sexual relationships with of a species
    -same sex
    -opposite sex
    BOTH! woohoo
  194. 1943 criteria for homosexual or bisexual1) sexual attraction to persons of one's own gender
    2) sexual involvement with one's own gender
    3) self-identification
  195. 195transgender- a person whose appearance, behavior, self-identification to common social rules of gender
  196. 196genderculturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in meanings, beliefs, practices - femininity and masculinity
  197. 197gender roleattitudes, behaviors, activities that are socially defined as appropriate for sex and learned through socialization
  198. 198gender identity body consciousness-a person's perception of self as female or male
    -how a person perceives and feels about his or her body, also includes an awareness of social conditions in society that contribute to this self-knowledge
  199. 199sexismsubordination of one sex, usually female, based on assumed superiority of other sex
    1) negative attitude
    2)stereotypical beliefs reinforce prejudice
    3)discrimination - an act
  200. 200causes of gender inequality?economic, political, education discrimination against women
    -workplace, specific jobs, cut pay, division of labour
    -declined since 1970
  201. 201gender biasconsists of showing favouritism toward on gender over the over
  202. 202wage gap-disparity between men and women
    -70 cents / 1 dollar
  203. 203pay equity employment equity-wages ought to reflect the worth of work, not gender, race
    -a strategy to eliminate the effects of discrimination and fully open competition for job opportunities to those who have been excluded historically
  204. 204Economysocial institution that ensures the maintenance of society through production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
  205. 205primary sectorextraction of raw material and natural resources from the environment
  206. 206secondary sectorprocessing of raw material into finished goods
  207. 207post-industrial economybased on the provision of services rather than goods
    1)info displaces property
    2)workplace shifts from factories to diversification, cut-backs, lay offs
    3)traditional boundaries between work and home are being set aside
  208. 208Capitalisman economic system characterized by private ownership of means of productions, from which personal profits can be derived through market competition and without gov, interference
  209. 2094 Qualities of Ideal Capitalism1) private ownership of the means of production
    2)pursuit of profit
    3)competition
    4)lack of gov. intervention
  210. 210stapleslumber, wheat, primary industries, minerals.
  211. 211commercial capitalismmerchants controlled the trade in raw materials
  212. 212industrial capitalisminventions of steam engine, spinning jenny - led to a change in society
  213. 213corporationslarge-scale organization that have legal powers, such as to enter a contract and buy and sell property, separate from individual power
  214. 214multinational corporationslarge companies that are headquartered in one country and have subsidiaries or branches in other countries
  215. 215oligopolyseveral companies overwhelmingly control an entire industry
    ex Nestle
  216. 216laissez-faire market economy/free enterpriseAdam Smith - no gov. intervention 1776
    -free market competition set prices not gov.
  217. 217Gov. intervention in Canadabusiness aid
  218. 218socialismeconomic system characterized by public ownership of means of production, pursuit of collective goals, centralized decision making
    -a route to communism (Marx)
  219. 219The communist manifesto-working class would rebel from impoverished and alienated states
    -workers become aware of their own class interests, revolt against capitalists, overthrow system
  220. 220Ideal Socialism1)public ownership of means of production
    2)pursuit of collective goals
    3)centralized decision making
  221. 221Mixed Economycombines elements of market economy(capitalism) with elements of command economy (socialism)
  222. 222democratic socialisman economic political system that combines private ownership of some of the means of production, governmental distribution of some essential goods and services
  223. 223expansion inflation recession-economy thrives, building, increased production, upward social mobility
    -a sustained and continuous increase in prices
    -decline in an economy total production lasts no longer than 6 months
  224. 224The End of WorkJeremy Rifkin
    -working less, people gain freedom
  225. 225Relationship between gender and work.Amy Wharton
    1) characteristic of housework=women's
    2)economic inequality between men and women
    3)structural and institutional bases of gender in workplace
  226. 226the tipping point Rosabeth Kanter-gender or race in the minority in workplace = excluded, lacked support,
    -15-20%=the tipping point
  227. 227Occupationscategories of jobs that involve similar activities at different work sites
  228. 228Professions-high-status, knowledge-based occupations
    1. Abstract-Specialized Knowledge
    2)Autonomy -rely on own judgement
    3)Self-regulation-regulate members
    4)Authority - expect compliance
    5)Altruism -self sacrifice for patients
  229. 229Scientific management time-motion studiesFrederick Winslow Taylor
    -an effort to increase productivity of factories
    -studied workers he found efficient
    - taught to perform work in concise steps = deskilling
  230. 230Henry Ford technical control assembly line-control due to machines
    -workers perform a specialized operation on an unfinished production as it is moved by a conveyor belt
  231. 231Marginal Jobsdiffer from the employment norms of the society in which they are located
    -more likely to a women
  232. 232contingent work-part-time, temporary work
  233. 233unemployment ratepercentage of unemployed persons in the labour force actively seeking jobs
  234. 234labour unionsa group of employees who join together to bargain with an employer or a group of employers over wages, benefits, working conditions
  235. 235how has globalization effected workers-competitive = employment of low wage countries
    -closing of high-wage factories/countries
    -increased trade
  236. 236families we choose- social arrangements that include intimate relationships between couples and close familial relationships with other couples and with other adults and children
  237. 237familiesrelationship, in which people live together with commitment, economic unit, children, identity attachment
  238. 238kinshipsocial network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption
  239. 239family of orientation family of procreation-family born into, taking you through early socialization process
    -person forms a family by having or adopting a child
  240. 240extended familya family unit composed of relatives in addition to parents and children who live in same household
  241. 241nuclear familya family composed of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whom live apart from other relatives
  242. 242Marriagelegally recognized/socially approved arrangement b/w two individuals carry rights and obligations, involving sex
  243. 243patrilineal descenta system of tracing descent through the fathers side of family
    pre-industrail
  244. 244matrilineal descenta system tracing descent through eh mother's side of the family
  245. 245bilateral descenta system of tracing descent through both the mother's and father's sides of the family
  246. 246patriarchy family matriarchal family-eldest male has authority
    -eldest female has authority
  247. 247egalitarian familypower is shared by the both partners equally
    -increased with legal status and education of women
    -gender role in children is linked to EF
  248. 248sociology of familysubdiscipline of sociology that attempts to describe and explain patterns if family life and variations in family structure
  249. 249Emile Durkheim and Talcott Parsons Divisions of Labour- 41)Sexual Regulation
    2)Socialization
    3)Economic and psychological support
    4)Provision of social status
  250. 250shared reality in marital partnersBerger and Kellner
  251. 251women and men experience "his" and "her" realities, separationJessie Bernard
  252. 252Socialization of passive females and aggressive males Lenore Walker1)low self esteem on both people involved
    2)a limited range of behaviour: possessive and dominant or dependent and eager
    3)stereotype beliefs in gender roles
  253. 253Permeable David Elkindcapable of being diffused or invaded in such a manner that an entity;s original purpose is modified or changed
  254. 254Cohabitationcouple's living together without being legally married
  255. 255Margaret Mead two stage marriageindividual marriage-serious commitment without children
    parental marriage-a couple decides to have children and share responsibility
  256. 256Homogamypattern of individuals marrying those who have similar characteristics, such as race/ethnicity, religious background, age, education, social class
  257. 257dual-earner families second shift-both partners are in labour force
    -domestic work that employed women perform at home after there labour job
  258. 258Infertility-inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sexual relations
    females -30-40% of the time
    males 40%
    20% is unknown
  259. 259intrauterine insemination test-tube baby In vitro fertilization-sperm goes in uterus during ovulation
    -conception, gestation, birth outside body
    -ovulation, removing egg from women, implant sperm in dish, back intro women
  260. 260traditional surrogacy gestational surrogacy-surrogate is inseminated with fathers sperm, women's infertility
    -egg and sperm from parents go to a surrogate with technology
  261. 261family violence - 2 typesSpousal Abuse-women being mistreated by man, physical, emotional, economic abuse
    Child abuse-physical or sexual, neglect
  262. 262divorce: causes - 2 effects 3-dissolving of marriage
    1) social institutions (macrolevel)
    2)age, resources, religion, parental maternal happiness(microlevel)
    -increase in blended families, step families, binuclear families
  263. 263heterosexismattitude in which heterosexuality is considered the only valid form of sexual behaviour, everything else inferior
  264. 264Demographysubfield of sociology that examines population size, composite, distribution
  265. 2653 processes of population1)fertility-level of childbearing for an individual or population
    2)mortality-incidence of death in a pop.
    3)migration - movement of ppl into a geographic area to take up residence
  266. 266crude birth rate crude death rate infant mortality rate-# of live births/1000 ppl in a pop./year
    -# of live deaths/1000 ppl in a pop/year
    -# of deaths of infants under 1/1000 live births/ year
  267. 267Immigration Emigration-movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency
    -movement of people out of geographic region to take up residency
  268. 268Pull factors Push Factors-democratic gov, religious freedom, employment, climate,
    -political unrest, war, famine, natural disasters, oppression
  269. 269population compositionbiological and social characteristics of population
  270. 270sex ratio- # of males for every hundred females
  271. 271population pyramida graphic representation of distribution of pop. by sex and age
    -Canada=rectangle/diamond, low birth rate and increase in old ppl
    -Mexico, pyramid-high fertility and mortality rate
    -Russia=odd shape catastrophic events, wars, famine, WWII
  272. 272baby boom baby bust-dramatic increase in births, after WWII
    -low levels of birth that remain today,1966
  273. 273baby boom echo-the children of baby boomers, fewer children, age 29, university enrollment
  274. 274Malthusian perspective thomas malthus doubling effect positive checks preventive checks-population would grow at geometric progression (2,4,8,16...)food grows at arithmetical progression (1,2,3,4,...)
    -scarcity of food/lack of supply
    -morality risks, famine and disease
    -limits on fertility
  275. 275Marx and Engel food supply-food shortage is not caused by overpopulation but instead surplus of workers to create suppression from capitalists
  276. 276Neo-Malthusiansdangers of overpopulation: too little food and degradation of environment
  277. 277Demographic Transition Theoryprocess by which some societies has moved from high birth+death rates to relatively low birth and death rates = technological advancement
  278. 278Stages of Demographic Transition Theory -41)Pre-industrial - little pop growth, high mortality in children, 30years
    2)Early industrialization-pop growth, high birth, lower death rates, improvements on health, Africa, Asia, Latin America
    3)Advanced industrialization and urbanization-little pop growth, low death and birth, children consume
    4)Post-industrialization-decline in birth rates, women employed, children=consume$$$
  279. 279urban sociologya subfield of sociology that examines social relationships and political and economic structures in the city
  280. 280metropolisone or more central cities and their surrounding suburbs that dominate the economic and cultural life of a region.
  281. 281central city-a densely populated centre of a metropolis
  282. 282Concentric Zone model Ernest Burgesscircular areas or zones, different type of land used to develop from central core
  283. 283Invasionprocess in which a new category of ppl or type of land use arrives in an area previously occupied by another group or land use
  284. 284Successiona new category of people or type of land use gradually predominates in an area formerly dominated by another group or activity
  285. 285Gentrificationprocess by which members of middle and upper-middle class move into the central city and renovate existing properties
  286. 286the sector Model Hoytsignificance of terrain and importance of transportation routes in the layout of cities
  287. 287Multiple nuclei model Harris and Ullman Toronto, NewYork,Edmontoncities do not have one centre from all growth radiates, specific numerous centres of development based on needs ad activities
  288. 288difference between Canda and US cities1.C=greater density and less urban sprawl, cheaper services
    2)C=core is healthier
    US=donut cities, crime=, poverty
    3)C=public transit more than US

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From the fifth edition of "Sociology in our times" --- study guide that will help you through chapters 1,2,3,4,5,7,8,10,11,13,15,19
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  • Created by shattering.illus · Dec 3, 2013
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