Antibiotics

1. 1the classes of beta lactam antibiotics are [blank_start]natural[blank_end], [blank_start]semi-synthetic[blank_end] and [blank_start]synthetic[blank_end]

   1. Anatural
   2. Bsemi synthetic
   3. Csynthetic
2. 2natural penicillins include [blank_start]pen V (PO)[blank_end] and [blank_start]pen G (IV)[blank_end]. it's spectrum is for most [blank_start]strep[blank_end], [blank_start]Neisseria[blank_end]. [blank_start]G+ anaerobes[blank_end], [blank_start]enterococcus[blank_end].

   1. Apen V (PO)
   2. Bpen G (IV)
   3. Cstrep
   4. DNeisseria
   5. EG+ anaerobes
   6. Fenterococcus
3. 3natural penicillins are used for [blank_start]pnumonia[blank_end], [blank_start]endocarditis[blank_end], [blank_start]skin and soft tissue infections[blank_end]

   1. Apneumonia
   2. Bendocarditis
   3. Cskin and soft tissue infections
4. 4[blank_start]cloxacilin[blank_end] is a semi synthetic penicillin with a SOA that is the same as natural except it adds [blank_start]S. aureus[blank_end] and loses [blank_start]enterococcus and listeria.[blank_end] its CI is for [blank_start]resp infections, UTI, endocarditis[blank_end], meningitis

   1. Acloxacillin
   2. Bs aureus
   3. Centerococcus and listeria
   4. Dall infections except
5. 5synthetic penicillins include [blank_start]aminopenicillins[blank_end] like [blank_start]ampicillin (IV)[blank_end] and [blank_start]amoxicillin(PO)[blank_end] and [blank_start]ureidopenicillins[blank_end] like [blank_start]piperacillin[blank_end]

   1. Aaminopens
   2. Bamoxicillin (PO)
   3. Campicillin (IV)
   4. Dureidopens
   5. Epiperacillin
6. 6aminopens have the same SOA as natural significant plus for [blank_start]enterococcus[blank_end] and [blank_start]listeria[blank_end], and plus for [blank_start]h. influ[blank_end], [blank_start]e.coli,[blank_end] [blank_start]p mirabilis[blank_end]. Its CI are [blank_start]resp infections,[blank_end] [blank_start]UTI[blank_end], [blank_start]endocarditis[blank_end] and [blank_start]meningitis[blank_end]

   1. Aenterococcus
   2. Blisteria
   3. Ch influ
   4. De coli
   5. Ep mirabilis
   6. Fresp infections,
   7. GUTI
   8. Hendocarditis
   9. Imeningitis
7. 7ureidopens have SOA same as [blank_start]amionpens[blank_end] plus [blank_start]pseudo[blank_end], with CI same as [blank_start]aminopen[blank_end] + [blank_start]intrabdominal infections[blank_end]

   1. Aaminopens
   2. Bpseudo
   3. Caminopens
   4. Dintra abdo infections
8. 8all cephalosporins have NO [blank_start]enterococcus[blank_end] or [blank_start]listeria[blank_end] activity

   1. Aenterococcus
   2. Blisteria
9. 9[blank_start]cefazolin(IV)[blank_end] and [blank_start]cephalexin (PO)[blank_end] are 1st gen cephalosporins. They have SOA on [blank_start]s aureus[blank_end] [blank_start]s pneumo[blank_end] [blank_start]p mirabilis[blank_end], [blank_start]e coli[blank_end], [blank_start]klebsiella[blank_end] and [blank_start]other strep[blank_end]. Its CI are any infection except [blank_start]meningitis[blank_end]

   1. Acefazolin(IV)
   2. Bcephalexin (PO)
   3. Cs aureus
   4. Ds pneumo
   5. Ep mirabilis
   6. Fe coli
   7. Gklebsiella
   8. Hother strep
   9. Imeningitis
10. 10[blank_start]cefuroxime[blank_end] is a [blank_start]2nd gen[blank_end] cephalosporin. Its SOA is same as [blank_start]1st[blank_end] gen and includes [blank_start]h influ[blank_end] [blank_start]e aero[blank_end] and [blank_start]neisseria[blank_end]. its CI are [blank_start]head/neck infections[blank_end], [blank_start]resp infections[blank_end], [blank_start]bites[blank_end]

    1. Acefuroxime
    2. B2nd gen
    3. C1st
    4. Dh influ
    5. Ee aero
    6. Fneisseria
    7. Ghead/neck infections
    8. Hresp infections
    9. Ibites

11. 11[blank_start]ceftriaxone[blank_end], [blank_start]cefixime[blank_end], [blank_start]ceftazidime[blank_end], [blank_start]cefotaxime[blank_end] are all examples of [blank_start]3rd gen[blank_end] cephs. their SOA is same as [blank_start]2nd[blank_end] gen + [blank_start]pseudo[blank_end]. [blank_start]ceftazidime[blank_end] however has no [blank_start]strep[blank_end] coverage and low [blank_start]s aureus[blank_end] coverage
    Its CI are [blank_start]pneumonia[blank_end] [blank_start]meningitis[blank_end] [blank_start]pyelonephritis[blank_end] and [blank_start]endocarditis[blank_end] and uncomplicated gonorrhoea ([blank_start]cefixime[blank_end])

    1. Aceftriaxone
    2. Bcefixime
    3. Cceftazidime
    4. Dcefotaxime
    5. E3rd gen
    6. F2nd
    7. Gpseudo
    8. Hceftazidime
    9. Istrep
    10. Js aureus
    11. Kpneumonia
    12. Lmeningitis
    13. Mpyelonephritis
    14. Nendocarditis
    15. Ocefixime
12. 12the four classes of beta lactams are [blank_start]penicillins[blank_end] [blank_start]cephalosporins[blank_end] [blank_start]carbapenems[blank_end] and [blank_start]monobactam[blank_end] ([blank_start]aztrenoam[blank_end])

    1. Aaztrenoam
    2. Bmonobactam
    3. Ccephalosporins
    4. Dcarbapenems
    5. Epenicillins
13. 13[blank_start]imipenem[blank_end] [blank_start]meropenem[blank_end] and [blank_start]ertapenem[blank_end] are [blank_start]carbapenems[blank_end]. imipenem has better [blank_start]g+[blank_end] coverage and must be administered w/ [blank_start]renal dehydropeptidase (cilastatin)[blank_end]. Meropenem has better [blank_start]g-[blank_end] coverage icl [blank_start]pseudo[blank_end] and [blank_start]ESBLs[blank_end]. ertapenem has no [blank_start]enterococcus[blank_end] or [blank_start]pseudo[blank_end] activity. they are all usedul for empiric treatment of [blank_start]nosocomial infections[blank_end] and definitive treatment of [blank_start]ESBL infections[blank_end]

    1. Aimipenem
    2. Bmeropenem
    3. Certapenem
    4. Dcarbapenems
    5. Eg+
    6. Frenal dehydropeptidase (cilastatin)
    7. Gg-
    8. Hpseudo
    9. IESBLs
    10. Jenterococcus
    11. Kpseudo
    12. Lnosocomial infections
    13. MESBL infections
14. 14aztrenoam is useful for [blank_start]aerobic g-[blank_end] incl [blank_start]ESBLs[blank_end]. they inhibit [blank_start]PBP3[blank_end]. they are safe for [blank_start]pen allergy[blank_end]

    1. Aaerobic g-
    2. BESBLs
    3. CPBP3
    4. Dpen allergy
15. 15[blank_start]vancomycin[blank_end] is a glycopeptide antiobiotic. that interferes w/ [blank_start]d ala d ala integration into PG[blank_end] and [blank_start]PG cross linking[blank_end]. its SOA is [blank_start]g+[blank_end] organisms incl [blank_start]MRSA[blank_end] and [blank_start]s pneumo w/ penicillinase[blank_end]. its CI are [blank_start]meningitis[blank_end], [blank_start]pulmonary[blank_end], [blank_start]bone[blank_end], [blank_start]joint[blank_end] [blank_start]c. diff colitis[blank_end] and [blank_start]pen allergy[blank_end]

    1. Avancomycin
    2. Bd ala d ala integration into PG
    3. CPG cross linking
    4. Dg+
    5. EMRSA
    6. Fs pneumo w/ penicillinase
    7. Gmeningitis
    8. Hpulmonary
    9. Ibone
    10. Jjoint
    11. Kc. diff colitis
    12. Lpen allergy
16. 16[blank_start]tetracycline[blank_end], [blank_start]glycylcycline[blank_end] and [blank_start]aminoglycosides[blank_end] are all protein synthesis inhibitors ([blank_start]30s[blank_end] subunit )

    1. Atetracycline
    2. Bglycylcycline
    3. Caminoglycosides
    4. D30s
17. 17[blank_start]tetra[blank_end], [blank_start]mino[blank_end] and [blank_start]doxy[blank_end] are all examples of tetracytline class antibiotics. mno is used fro [blank_start]acne[blank_end] and active against [blank_start]MSSA/MRSA.[blank_end] doxy is active against some strange things like [blank_start]mycoplasma[blank_end] [blank_start]chlamydia[blank_end] [blank_start]legionella[blank_end] [blank_start]spirochetes[blank_end] [blank_start]rickettsia[blank_end] and malaria. but also some less weird things like [blank_start]s aureus[blank_end] [blank_start]h influ[blank_end] and [blank_start]moraxella[blank_end]. its Ci are [blank_start]skina nd soft tissue[blank_end], [blank_start]pneumonia[blank_end], [blank_start]STIs[blank_end], [blank_start]lyme and rocky mountain[blank_end] and [blank_start]malaria[blank_end]. for all tetras S/E are [blank_start]n/v/d[blank_end] [blank_start]heartburn[blank_end] [blank_start]photosensitivity[blank_end] [blank_start]dark teeth and tooth decay.[blank_end] [blank_start]hypersensitivity (mino)[blank_end] and do not use any in [blank_start]pregnancy[blank_end]

    1. Aacne
    2. BMSSA/MRSA.
    3. Cmycoplasma
    4. Dchlamydia
    5. Elegionella
    6. Fspirochetes
    7. Grickettsia
    8. Hs aureus
    9. Ih influ
    10. Jmoraxella
    11. Kskin and soft tissue
    12. Lpneumonia
    13. MSTIs
    14. Nlyme and rocky mountain
    15. Omalaria
    16. Pn/v/d
    17. Qheartburn
    18. Rphotosensitivity
    19. Sdark teeth and tooth decay.
    20. Thypersensitivity (mino)
    21. Upregnancy
    22. Vtetra
    23. Wmino
    24. Xdoxy
18. 18[blank_start]Gentamicin[blank_end] [blank_start]Tobramycin[blank_end] and [blank_start]Amikacin[blank_end] are all aminoglycosides.
    Their SOA incl [blank_start]enterobactericeae[blank_end].
    gent specifically [blank_start]enterococcus[blank_end] [blank_start]strepto[blank_end].
    tobra specifically [blank_start]pseudo[blank_end] enterococcus strepto. amik specifically [blank_start]nocardia[blank_end], [blank_start]mycobacterium[blank_end] [blank_start]pseudo[blank_end]
    
    their CI are many infections and synergy in [blank_start]endocarditis[blank_end] pathogens
    
    their S/E are [blank_start]cochlear toxicity[blank_end], [blank_start]vestibulotoxicity[blank_end] and [blank_start]nephrotoxicity[blank_end]

    1. Aenterobactericeae
    2. Bcochlear toxicity
    3. Cvestibulotoxicity
    4. Dnephrotoxicity
    5. EGentamicin
    6. FTobramycin
    7. GAmikacin
    8. Henterococcus
    9. Istrepto
    10. Jpseudo
    11. Knocardia
    12. Lmycobacterium
    13. Mpseudo
    14. Nendocarditis
19. 19[blank_start]Erythromycin[blank_end], [blank_start]Clarithromycin[blank_end], and [blank_start]Azithromycin[blank_end] are all macrolides.
    
    SOA incl [blank_start]atypical and typical pneumo pathogens,[blank_end] [blank_start]chlamydia[blank_end] (azithro) and [blank_start]h pylori[blank_end] (clarithro)
    
    CI for erythro are [blank_start]GI prokinetic[blank_end], [blank_start]eye ingections,[blank_end] [blank_start]strep throat[blank_end] (in pen allergy)
    CI for clarithro [blank_start]otitis media[blank_end], [blank_start]h pylori ulcers[blank_end]
    CI for azithro is [blank_start]otitis media[blank_end], [blank_start]chlamydia[blank_end]

    1. AErythromycin
    2. BClarithromycin
    3. CAzithromycin
    4. Datypical and typical pneumo pathogens
    5. Echlamydia
    6. Fh pylori
    7. GGI prokinetic
    8. Heye infections
    9. Istrep throat
    10. Jotitis media
    11. Kh pylori ulcers
    12. Lotitis media
    13. Mchlamydia
20. 20[blank_start]Macrolides[blank_end], [blank_start]Lincosamides[blank_end], [blank_start]Oxazolidinones[blank_end] are all protein synthesis inhibitors ([blank_start]50s[blank_end] inhibitors)

    1. AMacrolides
    2. BLincosamides
    3. COxazolidinones
    4. D50s
21. 21[blank_start]Clindamycin[blank_end] is a lincosamide.
    
    SOA is mostly [blank_start]g+[blank_end] coverage incl [blank_start]anaerobes[blank_end], but it is not a reliable agent
    
    CI are [blank_start]pen allergy[blank_end], for general infections and a very specific use in [blank_start]nec fasc[blank_end] and [blank_start]TSS[blank_end] b/c it interferes w/ [blank_start]toxin production[blank_end]
    
    S/E are [blank_start]GI upset[blank_end], [blank_start]c diff diarrhea[blank_end]

    1. AClindamycin
    2. Bg+
    3. Canaerobes
    4. Dpen allergy
    5. EGI upset
    6. Fc diff diarrhea
    7. Gtoxin production
    8. Hnec fasc
    9. ITSS
22. 22[blank_start]Linezolid[blank_end] is a oxazolidinone.
    
    SOA are [blank_start]g+[blank_end] organisms incl [blank_start]MRSA/VRE[blank_end]
    
    CI are MRSA/VRE, [blank_start]Skin and soft tissue infections[blank_end], [blank_start]Pneumonia[blank_end], [blank_start]Urinary tract infections[blank_end]
    

    1. ALinezolid
    2. BMRSA/VRE
    3. Cg+
    4. DSkin and soft tissue infections
    5. EPneumonia
    6. FUTI
23. 233 classes of antibiotics that are DNA synthesis active are [blank_start]fluoroquinolones[blank_end], [blank_start]rifamycins[blank_end], and [blank_start]macrocyclics[blank_end]

    1. Afluoroquinolones
    2. Brifamycins
    3. Cmacrocyclics
24. 24Fluroquin inhibits [blank_start]Topoisomerase II and IV[blank_end]. 3 examples are [blank_start]ciprofloxacin[blank_end], [blank_start]levofloxacin[blank_end] and [blank_start]moxifloxacin[blank_end]
    
    
    SOA is G- incl [blank_start]psuedo (cipro)[blank_end] [blank_start]anaerobes (moxi)[blank_end] and [blank_start]gram +[blank_end]/ [blank_start]atypical pneumo (levo and moxi)[blank_end]
    CI for cipro is [blank_start]UTI[blank_end], [blank_start]intra abdo infections[blank_end], [blank_start]otitis externa[blank_end]
    CI for levo is [blank_start]pneumonia[blank_end], [blank_start]urethritis[blank_end], [blank_start]bone and join infections[blank_end]
    CI for moxi is [blank_start]pneumonia[blank_end], [blank_start]lung abscess[blank_end] NOT [blank_start]UTI[blank_end]
    
    S/E include [blank_start]tendon rupture[blank_end], [blank_start]long QTc syndrome[blank_end], [blank_start]peripheral neuropathy[blank_end] and do not give in [blank_start]pregnancy[blank_end]

    1. ATopoisomerase II and IV
    2. Bcipro
    3. Clevo
    4. Dmoxi
    5. Epseudo (cipro)
    6. Fanaerobes (moxi)
    7. GUTI
    8. Hintra abdo infections
    9. Iotitis externa
    10. Jpneumonia
    11. Kurethritis
    12. Lbone and joint infections
    13. Mpneumonia
    14. Nlung abscess
    15. OUTI
    16. Ptendon rupture
    17. Qlong QTc syndrome
    18. Rperipheral neuropathy
    19. Spregnancy
    20. Tgram +
    21. Uatypical pneumo (levo and moxi)
25. 25Rifamycins bind [blank_start]RNA polymerase[blank_end], inhibiting RNA synthesis. Main example is [blank_start]rifampin[blank_end]
    
    SOA is [blank_start]Mycobacterium sp[blank_end] and [blank_start]Staphylococcus sp[blank_end]
    
    CI are [blank_start]MAC infections[blank_end], [blank_start]biofilm[blank_end] [blank_start]prosthetic material and shunt infection[blank_end]
    
    

    1. Arifampin
    2. BMycobacterium
    3. CStaphylococcus
    4. DMAC infections
    5. Ebiofilm
    6. Fprosthetic material and shunt infections
    7. GRNA polymerase
26. 26[blank_start]FIdaxomicin[blank_end] is the main example of macrocylics. It inhibits [blank_start]bacterial RNA polymerase[blank_end]
    
    SOA: [blank_start]C. difficile[blank_end]
    
    CI: [blank_start]C. difficile associated diarrhea[blank_end]

    1. AFIdaxomicin
    2. Bbacterial RNA polymerase
    3. CC difficile
    4. DC diff diarrhea
27. 27[blank_start]Sulfonamides[blank_end] [blank_start]Trimethoprim[blank_end] [blank_start]Nitrofurans[blank_end] [blank_start]Nitroimidazoles[blank_end] are all antimetabolite antibiotics

    1. ASulfonamides
    2. BTrimethoprim
    3. CNitroimidazoles
    4. DNitrofurans
28. 28[blank_start]Sulfonamides[blank_end] and [blank_start]trimethoprim[blank_end] are folic acid synthesis inhibitors. Sulfa is a PABA inhibitors inhibiting [blank_start]folate synthetase[blank_end]
    Trimethoprim [blank_start]dihydrofolate reductase[blank_end]. Both are [blank_start]bacteriostatic[blank_end] separately but bactericidal together.
    
    SOA is g+ w/ no [blank_start]strep[blank_end], g- incl [blank_start]s maltophila[blank_end], [blank_start]P jirovecii[blank_end], [blank_start]toxo[blank_end]
    
    CI are steno pneumonia PJP toxo [blank_start]UTI[blank_end] [blank_start]skin and soft tissue[blank_end]
    
    S/E are increased [blank_start]creatinine[blank_end] [blank_start]hypersensitivity reactions[blank_end] [blank_start]Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis[blank_end] [blank_start]Steven-Johnson syndrome[blank_end]

    1. ASulfonamides
    2. Btrimethoprim
    3. Cdihydrofolate reductase
    4. Dbacteriostatic
    5. Ep jirovecii
    6. Ftoxo
    7. GUTI
    8. Hskin and soft tissue
    9. Icreatinine
    10. Jhypersensitivity reactions
    11. KToxic Epidermal Necrolysis
    12. LSteven Johnson syndrome
    13. Mstrep
    14. Ns maltophila
    15. Ofolate synthetase
29. 29[blank_start]Nitrofurantoin[blank_end] is a nitrofuran. its MOA is [blank_start]unclear[blank_end]
    
    SOA is good for [blank_start]g-[blank_end] no psuedo
    
    CI is for [blank_start]UTIs[blank_end] b/c its [blank_start]bactericidal[blank_end] but not for [blank_start]pyelo[blank_end]
    
    S/E is [blank_start]interstitial lung disease[blank_end]
    

    1. ANitrofurantoin
    2. Bunclear
    3. CUTI
    4. Dbactericidal
    5. Epyelo
    6. Finterstitial lung disease
    7. Gg-
30. 30[blank_start]Metronidazole[blank_end] is a nitrimidazole. it works by inhibits [blank_start]DNA synthesis[blank_end] and induces DNA damage via oxidation
    
    SOA is [blank_start]anaerobes[blank_end]
    
    CI for [blank_start]Anaerobic[blank_end] bacteria (ie: Bacteroides fragilis), [blank_start]Clostridium difficile diarrhea,[blank_end] Bacterial vaginosis, Amebiasis, Giardiasis, Trichomonas
    
    S/E [blank_start]neuropathy[blank_end] if long term, do not use in [blank_start]alcohol use[blank_end] (disulfiram reaction)

    1. AMetronidazole
    2. Banaerobes
    3. Cneuropathy
    4. Dalcohol use
    5. EDNA synthesis
    6. FClostridium difficile diarrhea,
    7. GAnaerobic
31. 31[blank_start]Lipopeptides (Daptomycin)[blank_end] and [blank_start]Polymixins (A-E)[blank_end] act on cytoplasmic membrane

    1. ALipopeptides (Daptomycin)
    2. BPolymixins (A-E)
32. 32Daptomycin [blank_start]inserts into cell membrane[blank_end] & forms ion channel causing [blank_start]K+ efflux[blank_end]
    
    SOA is for [blank_start]g+ organisms[blank_end]
    
    CI is not useful for [blank_start]MRSA pneumonia[blank_end]
    
    S/E [blank_start]rhabdomyolysis[blank_end]

    1. Ainserts into cell membrane
    2. Bg+
    3. CMRSA pneumonia
    4. Drhabdomyolysis
    5. EK+ efflux
33. 33polymixin E
    
    SOA is for [blank_start]MRD g - organisms[blank_end]
    
    S/E [blank_start]nephrotoxicity[blank_end]

    1. AMDR g -
    2. Bnephrotoxicity

Description

Classes, Spectrum of Activity (SOA) and Clinical Indications (CI)

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