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1_Object Permanence
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Questions in this quiz (68)
1Which approach did Piaget (1936, 1953) subscribe to?
- AConstructivism
- BBehaviourism
- CEvolutionary
- DBiological
- ESociological
2When, according to Piaget (1936, 1953), do the first signs of object permanence appear in infants?
- ASubstage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
- BSubstage 2 (1 - 4 months old)
- CSubstage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
- DSubstage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
- ESubstage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
- FSubstage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)
3According to Piaget's substages, when will an infant lift the cloth to search for a hidden toy?
- ABefore 6 - 7 months
- B6 - 7 months
- C8 - 9 months
4For Piaget, infants tend to consistently make the A-not-B error because they do not have a full understanding of object permanence yet. Is this true or false?
- ATrue
- BFalse
5Identify one key criticism that can explain why infants consistently make the A-not-B error.
- AAncillary deficits (e.g. attention, motor cortices, cognition)
- BNot yet developed full intelligence
- CLack of self-confidence
- DLack of resources
6Invisible displacement is when objects are removed from the view of infants when they are not paying attention. This is often used to test their competency in object permanence and does not fully develop until substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old). Is this true or false?
- ATrue
- BFalse
7According to Piaget's substages, infants obtain full understanding of object permanence when infants can:
- AUnderstand invisible displacement
- BCan complete accurate A-B searching
- CCan represent stationary objects
- DAt 12 months old
- EUnderstand both invisible displacement and mental representations
8According to Kellman and Spelke (1983), object permanence research that uses occlusion only works when:
- AThe object moves
- BThe object remains still
- CThe entire object is separated and moves in different directions
- DThe entire object moves as one
9The findings from Kellman and Spelke's (1983) experiment did little to challenge Piaget's substages. True or false?
- ATrue
- BFalse
10The Kellman and Spelke (1983) experiment challenge which theory?
- AConstructivism
- BNativism
- CBehaviourism
- DAll of them
- ENone of them
11Baillargeon (1985, 1987) found that object permanence exists in before infants are 6 months old. True or false?
- ATrue
- BFalse
12In Baillargeon's (1985, 1987) research, where was the focus of the infants predicated on?
- AThe possible or control event (112 degrees)
- BThe impossible event (180 degrees)
- CNeither, it was something else
- DShe didn't talk about it
- ENone of the above
13Bogartz, Shinsky and Shilling (2000) countered Aguiar and Baillargeon's (1999) findings, by:
- AQuestioning whether infants had object permanence, it was something else (e.g. novelty)
- BQuestioning the ethics of the experiment
- CQuestioning the ERPs of the infants when observing both the habituation and test phases
- DAll of the above
- EThey didn't actually question the research
14Ruffman, Redman, and Slade (2005) investigated the anticipatory looking action done by infants when observing object permanence.
It counterargued Bogartz, Shinsky and Shilling's (2000) understanding of previous research into object permanence at less than 6 months old.
They argued that:- AInfants must anticipate what will happen next based on their (limited) understanding, so it cannot be novelty
- BInfants have the motor cognitions pre-birth to understand the basics of object permanence
- CInfants are a lot more understanding of concepts at a younger age than a lot of research tends to argue
- DThey didn't argue
15Ahmed and Ruffman (1998) investigated why infants make A-not-B errors in search tasks, but show memory for hidden object locations in non-search tasks. According to the findings, where were the infants' attention placed the most?
- AOn the impossible (area A) location for the object
- BOn the possible (area B) location for the object
16What could be drawn from Ahmed and Ruffman's (1998) findings on the A-not-B search/non-search experiment?
- AInfants show some memory understanding of previous object locations
- BInfants still do not show memory understanding of previous object locations
- CInfants cannot infer where an object has previously been
- DThe results were inconclusive
17Some believe that infants do have an understanding of object permanence, however, other variables are too overpowering - such as ancillary deficits (e.g. memory, inhibition, means-end reasoning) - for it to be effective.
True or false?- ATrue
- BFalse
18Some believe that infants don't have understanding of object permanence, only partial. Looking and reaching activate two separate understandings of knowledge (explicit and implicit). Is this true or false?
- ATrue
- BFalse
19According to Munakta (1998), the concept of object permanence and graded representation comes in stages and becomes stronger as infants grow older. Is this true or false?
- ATrue
- BFalse
20There is evidence to suggest that object permanence is innate. Is this true or false?
- ATrue
- BFalse
21There is evidence to suggest that Piaget's theories on object permanence start earlier than he thought. Is this true or false?
- ATrue
- BFalse
22According to the theoretical position that infants do not fully grasp object permanence, looking is:
- AAn implicit area of knowledge
- BAn explicit area of knowledge
- CNeither
- DBoth
23For infants, what is mental representation?
- AWhen they can arrive at solutions to problems rather than through trial-and-error
- BWhen they can mentally represent the issues in front of them or away from the stimulus
- CWhen they can mentally represent their models (e.g. parents) away from the stimuli
- DAll of the above
- ENone of the above
24For infants, what is deferred imitation?
- AWhen they expect others to imitate their actions
- BWhen they can remember and repeat the behaviours of others when not present
- CWhen they attempt to use their own behaviour and represent them in toys that they have
- DAll of the above
- ENone of the above
25Deferred imitation is shown to be present in babies:
- ALess than 2 months old
- BAt 4 months old
- CAt 6 months old
- DAt 8 months old
- EAt 12 months old
26For infants, analogical problem solving is:
- AWhen they apply a solution for one problem to a number of others
- BWhen they apply a solution for a number of problems to one in particular
- CWhen they cannot apply a solution for one problem to a number of others
- DWhen they cannot apply a solution for a number of problems to one in particular
27For infants, displaced reference is:
- AUsing words to cue images of objects not present
- BUsing actions to cue images of objects that are not present
- CUsing the environment to cue images of objects that are not present
- DAll of the above
- ENone of the above
28For infants, goal-oriented or intentional behaviour appears at:
- ASubstage 1 (birth - 1 month)
- BSubstage 2 (1 - 4 months)
- CSubstage 3 (4 - 8 months)
- DSubstage 4 (8 - 12 months)
- ESubstage 5 (12 - 18 months)
- FSubstage 6 (18 months - 2 years)
29When Piaget hid a toy behind a transparent cover, the infant (between 8 - 12 months old) pushed away his hand to reveal it again. This showed that infants at Substage 4 have understood:
- AObject permanence
- BMeans-end action sequences
- CInvisible displacement
- DDeferred imitation
30It can be argued that violation-of-expectation fully examples that infants consciously understand object displacement and permanence, both with looking and reaching. Is this true or false?
- ATrue
- BFalse
31At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies begin to examine their own reflexes?
- ASubstage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
- BSubstage 2 (1 - 4 months old)
- CSubstage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
- DSubstage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
- ESubstage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
- FSubstage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)
32At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies begin to use simple motor habits that are centered around the infant's own body?
- ASubstage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
- BSubstage 2 (1 - 4 months old)
- CSubstage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
- DSubstage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
- ESubstage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
- FSubstage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)
33At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies now start to aim at repeating interesting effects of their actions in the surrounding world (eg, familiar behaviours)?
- ASubstage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
- BSubstage 2 (1 - 4 months old)
- CSubstage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
- DSubstage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
- ESubstage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
- FSubstage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)
34At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies now learn intentional - or goal-directed - behaviour, as well as obtain initial understandings of object permanence?
- ASubstage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
- BSubstage 2 (1 - 4 months old)
- CSubstage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
- DSubstage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
- ESubstage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
- FSubstage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)
35At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies begin to explore the properties of objects by acting in novel ways, imitate novel behaviours, and are able to search in several locations for a hidden object (accurate A-B searching)?
- ASubstage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
- BSubstage 2 (1- 4 months old)
- CSubstage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
- DSubstage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
- ESubstage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
- FSubstage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)
36At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies now have internal depictions of objects and events (eg, mental representations) when problem-solving, fully understand invisible displacement, deferred imitation, and make-believe play?
- ASubstage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
- BSubstage 2 (1 - 4 months old)
- CSubstage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
- DSubstage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
- ESubstage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
- FSubstage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)
37A circular reaction is that - circular - because:
- AInfants attempt to repeat it again and again
- BInfants attempt to replicate it in front of others
38According to Kaye and Marcus (1981), are infants able to adapt flexibly and quickly enough to imitate novel behaviours?
- AYes
- BNo
39For infants, object permanence is the understanding that:
- AObjects continue to exist when out of their sight
- BObjects continue to exist throughout the rest of their lives
40At which sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do infants begin to better anticipate future events (eg, seeing their mother putting on their coat and begging them not to leave)?
- ASubstage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
- BSubstage 2 (1 - 4 months old)
- CSubstage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
- DSubstage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
- ESubstage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
- FSubstage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)
41What is make-believe play?
- AWhen children act out everyday and imaginary scenarios
- BWhen children deliberately involve their parents into authentic situations
42For a purely perceptual organism that has no cognition, an object would:
- ACease to exist
- BRemain
43Understanding of an object's continued existence requires what?
- ATime and space
- BOnly time
- COnly space
44According to Piaget and constructivism, errors in A-B searching show:
- ADeficits in knowledge
- BFunctional impairment
- CGenetic deficiencies
45For Piaget, babies make errors in object permanence because of knowledge deficits. What does it use?
- AGradual construction
- BInnate programming
46For some others, babies may have full understanding, however, things get in the way. For example, Diamond (1985) suggested it to be memory-based. Butterworth (1975) found that:
- ABabies still make errors with transparent containers
- BBabies can still identify transparent containers as well
47Diamond (1985) suggested that understanding comes from inhibition or habit. Horobin and Arcedolo (1986) found that there were:
- AMore deficits when the containers were far apart than close
- BLess deficits when the containers were far apart than close
48At what stage can babies; accurately search A-B, represent objects when they are invisible (when they are stationary, but not when both invisible and moving), but not handle invisible displacements?
- A12-18 months
- B18-24 months
49At what stage can babies; handle invisible displacements, represent rather than perceive, and handle full object permanence?
- A12-18 months
- B18-24 months
50________ is a technique used to dishabituate individuals (primarily children) by going against what they thought was going to happen.
- ADishabituation circumstance
- BViolation of expectation
- CDenial of visuality
51According to Kellman and Spelke (1983), reaching under an occluder...
- AOnly works when the object is separate (or halved)
- BOnly works when the entire object is moving in one direction
52Kellman and Spelke (1983) found that their results:
- ACriticised Piaget's time scale, because 4-month-olds can do the task as well
- BSupported the Piaget findings
53Kellman and Spelke's (1983) findings were:
- AFor the Nativist position
- BAgainst the Nativist position
54Subsequent findings on what Kellman and Spelke (1983) found that:
- AChildren do not fill in the object, only perceive it
- BChildren can perceive the rod as well to be filled (Gestalt)
55According to subsequent research into the Kellman and Spelke (1983) findings, do children look at the rod more or everything else around it?
- AChildren look at the rod
- BChildren don't care about the rod
56The Baillargeon (1985, 1987) findings supported or criticised the Piaget stance on object permanence?
- AEvidence of object permanence, one cannot pass through another
- BNot evidence for object permanence, needs more research
57The effects for total occlusion in the Aguiar and Baillargeon (1999) study showed it to be apparent at what age?
- A1 month
- B2 months
- C2.5 months
58According to Ruffman, Slade, and Redman (2005), infants:
- ADo have to anticipate where the object will be next
- BDo not need to anticipate anything
59In ancillary deficits, means-end reasoning refers to:
- AHaving to logically reason how to get to an object
- BSearching but getting distracted
- CLooking is recognition-based, searching is recall-based (and more difficult)
- DPrevious search task may still be ongoing
60In ancillary deficits, attention refers to:
- AHaving to logically reason how to get to an object
- BSearching, but also becoming distracted
- CLooking is recognition-based, searching is recall-based (and more difficult)
- DPrevious searching may still be ongoing
61In ancillary deficits, memory refers to:
- AHaving to logically reason how to get to an object
- BSearching, but also becoming distracted
- CLooking is recognition-based, searching is recall-based (and more difficult)
- DPrevious task searching may still be ongoing
62In ancillary deficits, inhibition refers to:
- AHaving to logically reason where an object could be
- BBecoming distracted by searching
- CLooking is recognition-based, searching is recall-based (and more difficult)
- DPrevious task search may still be ongoing
63Graded representation refers to:
- AConcepts developing in gradual stages
- BConcepts representing themselves
64For whom does understanding become 'fuller'?
- APiaget
- BMunakata
65For whom does understanding become 'stronger'?
- APiaget
- BMunkata
66Berk (2012) suggested that babies still make the accurate A-B search error when:
- AThey search in A, watch it go to B, but still look in A anyway
- BThey search in A, watch it go to B, and follow it to B
67"...enables toddlers to solve advanced object permanence problems involving invisible displacement - finding a toy moved while out of sight, such as into a small box while under a cover" Berk (2012). What is this an understanding of?
- AMental representation
- BGraded representation
68In which temporal lobe did infants display a particular brain-wave pattern that is also seen in adults when they sustain a mental image of an object?
- ARight temporal lobe
- BLeft temporal lobe
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- Quiz on 1_Object Permanence, created by murat sertay on 15/08/2016.
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- murat sertay
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