Memory notes
208 notes by 123 users · Page 1 of 6
This Memory notes page gathers user-made Psychology notes on memory models, forgetting and eyewitness testimony. School students, university students and professional candidates can practise these topics, while teachers can find ready-made material. There are over 190 notes from more than 110 users, with resources for school and university study. Pick a note to get started.
Notes
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Memory 16-marker Plans (AQA A Level Psychology) Coding, capacity and duration Outline Coding- STM= acoustic, LTM= semantic Capacity- STM= 5-9 items, LTM= unlimited Duration- STM= 18-30 seconds, LTM= permanent Discussion Coding- Baddeley, 1966. Four word lists given...
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Multi Store Memory Model The Multi Store Memory Model (MSM) describes how information flows through the memory system which is made up of 3 stores.The sensory register consists of those received from our 5 senses. The two main parts are the i...
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The Working Memory Model Atkinson’s and Shiffrin’s (1968) multi-store model was extremely successful in terms of the amount of research it generated. However, as a result of this research, it became apparent that there were a number of proble...
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the working memory model notes. the working memory model...proposed by Baddeley and hitch the working memory model s a challenge to the MULTI STORE MODEL proposed by Atkinson and shiffrin. They claimed that the short term memory is a unitary store, ...
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Evaluation of Working Memory Model Strengths KF case study: KF suffered brain damage from a motorcycle accident that damaged his STM. Impairment mainly for verbal info, visual memory intact - evidence of separate stores. Gathercole & Baddeley (1993): p...
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Working Memory Model The Working Memory Model (WMM) is an explanation of how STM is organised and how it functions. There are four elements. Central executive - monitors incoming data, clearing house, coordinates data. Has a very limited ...
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Memory- Researchers (AQA A Level Psychology) The following table is comprised of the Memory topics (coding/capacity/duration, MSM, WMM, long term memory, interference, retrieval failure, eyewitness testimony, and cognitive interviews), researchers who investigat...
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The multi-store model of memory - AS level Psychology
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Atkinson & Shiffrin Modal Model of Memory 1971 Environmental Input Atkinson and Shiffrin Modal Model of Memory 1971 SENSORY STORESICONICECHOIC IHAPTIC
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AS Psychology Unit 1 - Memory
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Memory notes Short and Long-term memory Capacity:George Miller - Magic number 7 +/- 2People remember about 7 items and 7 chunks. Joseph Jacobs - digit span 9.3 for digits, 7.3 for letters+Simon - Larger chunks means fewer recall- ...
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Memory Study Guide Memory Study Guide What is memory? (define it)the retention ( fact of keeping) information or experience over time Distinguish between memory encoding and memory storage. Encoding (input) info gets into our memory Sto...
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Eye Witness Testimony Misleading Information. Loftus '75To see if false presumptions cause participants to reconstruct their memory. 150 university students watched a video of a car crash then were questioned. They were questioned in two g...
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Psychology memory studies and evaluations Duration of STM (Peterson and Peterson)Procedure: 24 students were given a consonant syllable and a three digit number e.g DTC 491. After, they had to count backwards in threes to stop rehearsal, then asked to recall ...
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Explanations for Forgetting Interference AO1Interference is an explanation for forgetting from long-term memory - it is when two sets of information, previously learned (old) and recently learned (new), become confused.Note: Semantic memory is m...
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AS Psychology Unit 1 - Memory
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Memory Stores Sensory Memory 5 5 senses & emotion goes into our memory Perception - First step for memory Takes info from sense organ & holds it in same form
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Individual Differences and Developmental Psychology in Memory Individual Differences The speed at which we can process information differs between individuals. Known as 'processing speed'. Due to differences in the speed at which people can process information and their short-te...
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Multi Store Model Sensory memory.Information enters through the 5 senses where it stays for only fractions of a second. If attention is paid to it, it will be passed onto the Short term memory store. Short term memory.Information is en...
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Plan for Outline and evaluate the models of memory (12 marks) Multi-store model Working memory model Outline:
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The working memory model Baddeley and Hitch 1974 - Short term only Articulary slave system, encodes acoustic data, The articulary loop acts as an inner voice for rehearsal whereas the phonological store acts as the inner ear. Acts as th...
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Strategies for Memory Improvement Schemas:A schema is a mental concept which informs a person about what to expect from a variety of experiences and situations. Schemas are developed based on information provided by life experiences and are then store...
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Eyewitness Testimony Misleading Information AO1Loftus and Palmer investigated how misleading information could distort eyewitness testimony accounts.Procedure:Forty-five American students formed an opportunity sample. This was a laborator...
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Memory Notes Short and Long Term Memory Capacity Jacobs found that the average span for digits was 9.3 items and 7.3 for letters. Miller reviewed this and concluded that the span of immediate memory was 7 +/- 2. Evalua...
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Eye Witness Testimony Eye Witness Testimony ENCODE RETAIN RETRIEVE Legal term for witnesses who give evidence in court, concerning the identity of a suspect
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Factors that influence accuracy Improves Recall Impairs Recall Yerkes-Dodson Law
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Memory - AQA Psychology Unit 1 GCSE - created from Mind Map Multi store model Encoding- Storage- Retrieval Sensory- very brief memory Short term - 7 chunks Long term - Lots of information Murdock Practical apps Learn lists of words with 2 secs per word. Then were told to recal...
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Learning and Remembering Long-Term Memory Memory stages:1. Encoding: putting2. Storage: keeping3. Retrieval: pulling Taxonomy of LTM
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Memory Jacobs - Capacity experiment: Jacobs gave participants a series of either digits/letters and asked them to repeat them He then added more digits/letters until the participant couldn't repeat them accurately He found t...
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Multi-Store Model of Memory - created from Mind Map Capacity The amount of information that can be held in the memory at any one time Sensory Memory: Visual information that are being experienced at the given moment. Short-term Memory: 7+-2 items: Miller proposed that ...
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STRUCTURE OF WORKING MEMORY - created from Mind Map Multicomponent model. Baddeley & Hitch 1974 assumed one component of WM is a limited capacity speEch based store capable of storing two to three items Second component: described as CENTRAL EXECUTIVE, Third Component:...
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Evaluate One model of memory (12m) An example of a model of memory is the multi store memory model (Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968). Their model describes the way that the sensory system processes information and input it into the brain. The information is...
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Improving Accuracy FISHER ET AL (1987) Studied real life interviews by detective officers in Florida over a 4 month period Witnesses frequently bombarded with series of brief, direct, close-ended questions aimed to elicit facts
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Types of LTM Episodic:Refers to our ability to recall events (episodes) These memories are time-stamped (you remember when they happened) Episodic memories involve several elements such as people, places, noises etc. all which mak...
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Eyewitness Testimony (EWT) - created from Mind Map 3 Stages Encodes into LTM details of event Witness retains information for a period of time. Memories may be lost or modified Witness retrieves memory from storage Accuracy Loftus and Palmer (1974) To see if leading q...
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Anxiety and Eye-Witness Testimony Anxiety and Eyewitness Testimony Deffenbacher meta-analysis 21 studies high levels of anxiety (arousal) negetively affected the accuracy of eyewitness testimony EVALUATION Lacks ecological validity High in generalisab...
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AS level Psychology Unit 1 The Multi-Store Model(MSM)Atkinson and Shriffrin(1968) Sensory memory- evidence from SperlingSTM- limited capacity and duration, mainly acoustic codingLTM- unlimited capacity and duration, mainly semantic encodingProc...
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Evaluation of Multi-Store Model Strengths Glanze & Cunitz (1966): found tasks involving learning and recalling word lists. Position of the word was found to affect recall. Primacy effect (transfer to LTM after recall) and Recency effect (stay in STM...
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UNIT 3 Brain and Memory Memory Invloves ENCODING, STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL of information All information entering the brain passes through the sensory memory and enters short term memory - Then information can either pass to l...
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Short Term Memory - created from Mind Map Capacity 7+/- 2 items of information Miller 1956 -found out that most people could only repeat back between five and nine items Chunking can increase the capacity of short term memory. For example: GCSE Duration Peter...
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About memory notes
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Start with Memory notes for a route through short- and long-term memory, memory models and explanations for forgetting. Its range of topics can help you choose which part of the list to explore next.
For a closer look at a model, read Multi Store Memory Model. Then compare it with The Working Memory Model. Write a short summary of each in your own words, and return to the notes to check what you included.
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The list also includes Anxiety and Eye-Witness Testimony and notes on leading questions. These give you a way to focus your reading on eyewitness testimony after studying the models.
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Start with “Memory notes” if you want to see several topics together, including memory models and explanations for forgetting. For a more focused read, “Multi Store Memory Model” covers the model’s memory stores. Both are listed on this page.
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What topics and levels do these notes cover?
The list includes notes on memory models, forgetting and eyewitness testimony, with resources for school and university study. Some titles identify a course or exam, such as AQA A-level Psychology or GCSE Psychology. Teachers can also use the listed material when preparing for these topics.