Fichas
Ch 8
Fichas del conjunto (111)
- 1H.M.-had most of hippocampus removed to reduce epileptic seizures
○ Over 100 studies
○ Above average IQ , normal "digit span" (short term working memory measure)
○ amnesia (no declarative/explicit memories, still had implicit)
○ Forgot events that occurred two years prior to surgery, can't form new memories
○ Can learn and remember how to perform new tasks
○ Brenda Milner-worked with HM for 40y
-Showed conditioned taste aversion, mirror tracing task, stem completion task (priming is possible for HM) - 2sir francis galtoninvestigated memories for personal events
- 3encodinggetting info into NS by translating into neural code
- 4storageretaining info over time
- 5retrievalpulling info out when we need it
- 6william james-memorymemory has temporary and long lasting components
- 7Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrinmemory has three components
1.sensory
2.short term
3.long term - 8sensory registerscompose sensory memory (initial info processors)
- 9iconic storevisual sensory register (very brief time period)
- 10echoic storeauditory sensory register (longer than iconic, 2 sec or more)
- 11Sperling-partial reportSome parts of memory trace must remain after visual stimulus is removed
- 12iconmemory trace is a visual representation of the stimulus, strength of memory is affected by contrast and intensity
- 13short term memoryworking memory, memory we are conscious of at a given time (lasts 20s)
*prefrontal cortex - 14memory codesmental representations
(Visual, sound/phonological, meaning of stimulus/semantic, motor) - 15George Millershort term memory capacity is 7 +/- 2 items
(up to 30 for visual memory) - 16chunkingcombining units into larger units of meaning
- 17maintenance rehearsalrepetition of information
- 18elaborative rehearsalfocusing on meaning or relating (more effective in transferring to long term)
- 19Alan Baddeleydivided working memory into: auditory (phonological loop/repeating something mentally), visual-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer (long term is temporarily available to consciousness), central executive (directs action/attention to mental imagery and auditory rehearsal)
- 20Serial position effectrecall is influenced by a word's position in a series
- 21primacy effectearly words transition easier into long term memory
- 22recency effectcan remember recent words b/c still in short term memory
- 23memory process
- 24effortful processesEncoding initiated intentionally, requires conscious attention e.g. studying
- 25automatic processingencoding w/o intention and minimal attention
e.g. morning routine - 265 types of memory codeVisual encoding, Structural encoding (how a word looks), Phonological (sounding out words), Semantic, Motor
- 27Crail and Lockhart-levels of processingthe more deeply we process info, the better it is remembered
Shallow Processing-structural features
Deeper processing-phonetic/sound
Deepest processing-meaning - 28Propositional codingvisual spatial info is stored as a set of verbal descriptions
- 29analog codingstore info as a mental image/visual
- 30Paivio-Dual Coding theoryinfo is stored in long term memory in verbal codes and nonverbal codes
Abstract words only help verbally, so concrete are better than abstract - 31The method of loci(ancient Greeks)
imagine physical enviro with sequence of landmarks (e.g. walking through house, driveway=grapefruit) - 32Peg-Word Techniqueusing pre-existing associations (e.g. This old man...)
- 33schemamental organized pattern of thought, expectations (*medial prefrontal lobe)
formed through experience
Creates a perceptual set (readiness to organize and interpret) info - 34scriptsexpectations for procedures for events
- 35associative networkmemory can be represented as a network of ideas
Each concept/unit is represented by a node
Items in the same category usually have strongest associations, clustered together - 36spreading action (associative network)Collins and Loftus-when people think about a concept, there is spreading action of related concepts
- 37primingactivation of one concept/unit by another
- 38neural networkeach concept represented by pattern/set of nodes that became activated simultaneously
Nodes linked to each other but physical, don't contain individual units of info - 39Parallel distributed processing models (PDP)Many nodes distributed in brain fire in parallel at each moment
- 40declarative memoryfactual knowledge
- 41episodic memorydeclarative, store of factual knowledge concerning personal experiences
- 42semantic memorydeclarative, general factual knowledge about world and language
- 43procedural memoryskills and actions (motor and cognitive skills)
Classical conditioned responses - 44explicit memoryconscious/intentional memory retrieval
- 45implicit memorymemory influences behaviour without conscious awareness
e.g. word stem activity - 46retrieval cuestimulus, internal or external, stimulates activation of info in long term
- 47Mantyla retrieval cuesBetter recall with self generated cues and multiple associations
- 48flashbulb memoriesrecollections, like a picture of a moment
(Most likely to occur for distinctive, positive/negative stimuli with strong emotional reactions)
-Confidence and accuracy are weakly related
*still evolves over time, not permanent - 49Neiser and Harsch-Challenger space shuttleasked people what they were doing when Challenger space shuttle blew up, recalled some details inaccurately
- 50Encoding specificity principlememory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those of encoding
- 51context dependent memoryEXTERNAL CUES
□ Easier to remember something in same environment it was acquired
□ Godden and Baddeley-divers, lists learned underwater better recalled underwater, same for land and land - 52state dependent memoryINTERNAL CUES
□ Ability to retrieve info is greater when internal state matches retrieval state
□ Miles and Hardman-material learned during exercise is recalled better if again aerobically aroused - 53mood dependent memorynot reliable, instead we have:
mood-congruent recall-tend to recall info congruent with current mood - 54reproductive memoryhighly accurate verbatim recording of event
- 55reconstructive memorycombine elements of experience with knowledge to remember
- 56Overlearningrehearsal past point of initial learning
- 57Hermann Ebbinghaus: forgettingMeasured memory by using relearning and computing a savings %
Forgetting occurred rapidly at first, then slowed - 58Bushman and Bonacci: encoding failureviewers who saw sexually explicit/violent tv reported fewer ads
- 59decay theorywith time and disuse, physical memory trace in NS fades away
But scientists couldn't identify how/where traces were - 60reminiscencewhen participants learned list/visual pattern, sometimes recalled more in second session than first
- 61interference theoryother items in longterm memory impair ability to retrieve other items
- 62proactive interferencematerial in past interferes with new info
- 63retroactive interferencenew info interferes with earlier info
- 64Wixted: interferenceany mental activity can interfere with not yet consolidated memories, even w/o similarity
- 65forgetting as retrieval failuretoo few or too weak retrieval cues
- 66Tip of the tongue TOT phenomenon□ Freud-we unconsciously block the info
□ Schwartz-some TOT are illusory, didn't know info to begin with - 67repressionblocks recall of anxiety arousing memories
- 68suppressionconsciously push out of awareness
- 69transciencetendency to lose info across time (forgetting, interference or retrieval failure)
- 70Absent-mindednesseveryday memory failures, probably caused by insufficient attention/automatic encoding
- 71blockingtemporary retrieval failure/loss of access (e.g. TOT in episodic or semantic)
- 72misattributionremembering fact from past experience, but attributing to incorrect source
- 73suggestibilitytendency to incorporate info from others into own memory
- 74biasfor knowledge/beliefs/feelings to distort memory
- 75persistencetendency to remember facts/events that one would rather forget (caused by intrusive recollections and rumination/focus on distress rather than solution)
- 76retrograde amnesia and causesmemory loss for events prior to onset
Causes: depression, shock/trauma (episodic memories may be stored in sequence in adjacent regions of the brain), disease - 77anterograde amnesiamemory loss for events after onset
Causes: hippocampus damage, Korsakoff's syndrome from chronic alcoholism - 78Korsakoff's syndrome, effect on memory and causes- Impaired short term memory
-Caused by alcoholism, thiamine B1 deficiency, damage to neurons/NS
-Can be stopped if person abstains from alcohol and starts healthy diet - 79frontal lobe damage causes...• Confabulation-remembering and believing false events
• Dangerous behaviour-acting on basis of delusions - 80dementiaimpaired memory and cognitive deficits, more than 12 types
- 81Alzheimer'sprogressive disorder, most common cause of dementia in adults over 65
○ Memory for recent and new info is impaired, long term memory also worsens
○ Attacks subcortical temporal lobe, then hippocampus, then frontal lobe - 82signs of alzheimer's in the brainplaques=clumps of protein on outside of neurons
tangles=twisted fibres within neurons
Brain atrophy and enlarged vesicles
Ach treatment has temporary success - 83Causes of Alzheimer's- Genes for early onset AD (only 5-10% of cases)
-ApoE gene for late onset AD is a risk factor
□ Directs proteins that carry cholesterol - 84infantile amnesiano memories before 3 or 4, only serious events
Cause: brain regions for long term memory are immature, do not encode earliest experiences deeply, don't form rich retrieval cues, don't have self-concept to organize memories - 85prospective memoryremembering to perform an activity in the future
(Usually event based or time based task)
Frontal lobe - 86caffeine: memoryYassa-can enhance memory for up to 24h
Coffee AFTER studying - 87napping: memory-Nappers were more likely to remember word pairs, not single words or phone numbers
-Sleep spindles on EEG indicated memory consolidation
- Improves memory in infants - 88curiosity: hippocampusCuriosity activates hippocampus
- 89chewing gum:-Helps focus and remember
-Must stop chewing before actual test - 90Sir Frederick Bartlett: memory as constructive processThe longer the time interval between reading and retelling the story, the more it changed to fit English culture (memory is RECONSTRUCTIVE)
○ People have schemas/generalized ideas about events
○ involved leveling/simplifying, sharpening/details, assimilating - 91boundary extensionWhen we see close up images, remember seeing more wide angled image
- 92The Misinformation Effect/ Eyewitness Testimonydistortion of a memory by misleading post-event info
- 93source confusion (source monitoring errortendency to recall something, but to forget from WHERE
May cause misinformation effect - 94explanations for Loftus car crash experiment- Memory impairment
-Response bias explanation
-Source misattribution
-Misinformation acceptance (think info was in previous experience, wasn't) - 95Loftus: Lost in Mall experimentAsked to write about 3 real and 1 false memory (lost in mall)
7 of 24 remembered false event
True memories are described MORE and CLEARER
False memory clarity increased over time - 96sources of inaccuracy for misinformation effect-Alcohol
-Marijuana (less)
-Kind of info available (voice is less accurate than visual and auditory, or just visual)
-Men are more confident in decisions - 97technical accuracyrecalling exactly what was experienced, usually poor
- 98content accuracyrecalling meaning/content of experience, more accurate
- 99"Recovered Memory" Controversy○ Woman sued hospital for treatment that convinced her she was in a cult
○ But years earlier, cases showed psychotherapy revealing childhood abuse and suing those who caused trauma
○ Memory loss after psych trauma is short (weeks, months, or few years)
○ Victim's problem: inability to forget - 100Lashley: biology of memorysearched for engram, physical memory trace
Lesioned small parts of brain of rats but memory was intact - 101Penfieldstimulated cerebral cortex, sometimes triggered memories
○ Others said these were inaccurate, probably reconstructed - 102James McConnell-"memory transfer"○ CC flatworms to light with shock, causing worms to contract just to light
○ Then fed RNA from worms to other untrained worms
○ New worms showed some conditioning
○ Suggested that RNA might be an engram
○ *controversial - 103Brenda Milner and Scoville: memory and brainhippocampus and adjacent tissue encode/retrieve longterm declarative memories
- 104memory consolidation in braingradual, processed in cortex, then into hippocampus
- 105encoding of new memories + retrieval of old onesthalamus
- 106helps for LT memories involving emotionsamygdala
- 107procedural memories (HM could improved performance in hand eye tasks)cerebellum
- 108Eric Kandel studystudied marine snail, CC to cover gill with protective flap with water squirts (not shocks)
-Formed procedural memory
-Repeated pairings cause long term memory to form - 109Long term potentiation (LTP)neurons change shape of receptor site, increase receptors, develop dendrite spines
- 110Buzsaki-synaptic changes as memory consolidationnoted bursts of synchronized activity in rat hippocampus (sharp wave ripple-SWR)
◊ Neocortex sends signals to hippo then back to neocortex in SWR
SWR stored in cortex - 111Photographic (Eidetic) Memory• Dr. Marvin Minsky
○ Unable to verify eidetic memory
○ Many just used mnemonic strategies
○ Some reports (e.g. savants with exceptional visual/auditory memory)
○ Inconclusive research
Información
- Descripción
- Psych Fichas sobre Ch 8, creado por Icecream M el 13/12/2017.
- Creado por
- Icecream M · dic 2017
- Actualizado
- 7 mar 2018
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