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Reasons for forgetting
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- 1Proactive InterferenceWhen old learning prevents the recall of more recent information.
- 2Retroactive InterferenceWhen new learning prevents the recall of previously learned information.
- 3Strength of interference theoryPostman's study supports the theory.
participants were split into two groups. Both groups had to remember a list of paired words. The experimental group also had to learn another list of words where the second paired word if different – e.g. cat – glass, jelly- time, book – revolver. The control group were not given the second list.
All participants were asked to recall the words on the first list. The recall of the control group was more accurate than that of the experimental group. This suggests that learning items in the second list interfered with participants’ ability to recall the list - 4Limitation of interference theoryIt is low in ecological validity as the majority of research into the role of interference in forgetting has been carried out in a laboratory.
- 5Retrieval FailureWhen information is available in the long term memory but we cannot retrieve it as there is not an appropriate cue.
- 6Strength of Retrieval FailureBaddeley (1975) asked deep-sea divers to memorize a list of words. One group did this on the beach and the other group underwater. When they were asked to remember the words half of the beach learners remained on the beach, the rest had to recall underwater.
The results show that those who had remained in the same environment recalled 40% more words than those in a different environment. This suggests that the retrieval of information is improved if it occurs in the context in which it was learned. - 7Limitation of Retrieval FailureThe ecological validity of these experiments can be questioned, but their findings are supported by evidence from outside the laboratory. For example, many people say they can't remember much about their childhood or their school days. But returning to the house in which they spent their childhood or attending a school reunion often provides retrieval cues which trigger a flood of memories.
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- A level (Paper 1) Psychology Fichas sobre Reasons for forgetting, creado por James Ross el 08/05/2018.
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- James Ross
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