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Untitled_9

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  1. 1MemoryThe storage & retrieval of information acquired through learning
  2. 2Three Fundamental Processes Of Memory (Encoding)Converting information into a useable form or 'code' so that it can enter and be stored in memory
  3. 3Three Fundamental Processes Of Memory (Storage)The encoded representations of information must be retained in memory. Storage is the retention of information over time.
  4. 4Three Fundamental Processes Of Memory (Retrieval)Locating and recovering the stored information from memory so that we are consciously aware of it.
  5. 5Atkinson-Shiffrin Multi-Store ModelRepresents memory as consisting of three distinguishable components called the sensory register, the short-term store and the long term store. Each component represents a place where info is held and processed.
  6. 6Atkinson-Shiffrin Multi-Store Model (Sensory Register)The entry point for all new information from memory and stores vast amounts of incoming visual information. Any info that is attended to is sent to the short term store, if not it simply decays and disappears forever.
  7. 7Atkinson-Shiffrin Multi-Store Model (Short-Term Store)A temporary working memory in which we manipulate information that is held to perform everyday functions. It holds all information that we are consciously aware of. It has a limited capacity, able to hold around 7 items, and only for about 30 seconds unless a conscious effort is made to keep it there longer.
  8. 8Atkinson-Shiffrin Multi-Store Model (Long-Term Store)Holds information relatively permanently in a highly organised way and having an essentially unlimited capacity. We can sometimes fail to retrieve info from the long-term store.
  9. 9Atkinson-Shiffrin Multi-Store Model (Structural Features)The permanent, built-in fixed features of memory that do not vary from one situation to another. The three different stores are the basic structural features.
  10. 10Atkinson-Shiffrin Multi-Store Model (Control Processes)Are selected and used by each individual and may vary across different situations. They are under the conscious 'control' of the individual.
    Ex. Attention
    (whether or not the individual chooses to attend to and select incoming sensory info will determine whether that info is transferred from the sensory register to the short-term store)
  11. 11Sensory MemoryThe entry point of memory where new incoming sensory information is stored for a very brief period of time. Retained as an exact copy. We can store vast amounts and may have an unlimited storage capacity.
  12. 12Sensory Memory Important FunctionStores sensory impressions long enough for each impression to slightly overlap the next, thus we perceive the world as continuous, rather than as a series of disconnected visual images or disjointed sounds.
  13. 13Iconic MemoryUsed to describe visual sensory information; that is the brief sensory memory for incoming visual information. Held for about 1/3 of a second or 0.2-0.4 seconds.
  14. 14Echoic MemoryUsed to describe auditory sensory memory. The main difference between iconic & echoic memory is the length of time it takes info to fade. 3-4 seconds for echoic memory.
  15. 15Short-Term MemoryA memory system with a limited storage capacity in which information is stored for a relatively short period of time. Info is no longer an exact copy but an encoding. Holds all info you are consciously aware of.
  16. 16Duration Of STMRetained fairly well for the first few seconds, after about 12 seconds recall starts to decline and by about 18 seconds almost all of the info disappears entirely if not renewed.
    (30 second duration)
  17. 17Capacity Of STM7 +- 2 items of information
    Lost primarily through decay and displacement by new information
  18. 18STM As Working MemoryUsed to emphasise the active part of memory where information we are consciously aware of is actively worked on in a variety of ways
  19. 19ChunkingThe grouping, or packing of separate bits of information into a larger single unit or 'chunk' of information
  20. 20RehearsalThe process of consciously manipulating information to keep it in STM, to transfer it to LTM or to aid storage and retrieval
  21. 21Maintenance RehearsalInvolves repeating the information being remembered over and over again so that the information can be retained in STM
  22. 22Elaborative RehearsalThe process of linking new information in a meaningful way with other new information or information already stored in LTM to aid in storage and retrieval from LTM
  23. 23Self-Reference EffectWhen we relate new information to personal experiences and our personal situation in some way, we are more likely to remember it
  24. 24Craig and Lockhart's Levels Of Processing FrameworkProposes that the level, or depth at which we process information during learning determines how well it is stored in LTM. If meaning is processed during learning, then LTM will better than if no meaning is processed. There is a continuum of levels of processing ranging from shallow to deep processing.
  25. 25Baddeley and Hitch's Model Of Working MemoryDescribes the structure and function of working memory in terms of three components called the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad and the central executive
  26. 26Baddeley and Hitch's Model Of Working Memory (Phonological Loop)Temporarily stores a limited amount of verbal speech-like information, such as the sounds of words, for a brief period of time. It is assumed you hold onto it by using sub-vocal maintenance rehearsal.
  27. 27Baddeley and Hitch's Model Of Working Memory (Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad)Temporarily stores a limited amount of visual and spatial information for a brief period of time. Limited capacity.
  28. 28Baddeley and Hitch's Model Of Working Memory (The Central Executive)Controls attention; integrates information from the phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad, as well as info retrieved from LTM; and coordinates the flow of information between the working memory and LTM. Limited ability to perform more than one task at a time.
  29. 29Episodic BufferA sub-system of working memory that enables the different components of working memory to interact with LTM. Has a limited capacity that holds about 4 chunks of info in any form.
  30. 30Long-Term MemoryThe relatively permanent memory system that holds vast amounts of information for a long time, possibly indefinitely.
  31. 31Differences between STM and LTM.Information in STM is 'active' and we are consciously aware of and able to manipulate the info, whereasinfo in LTM is 'inactive' and we are not consciously aware of it unless we retrieve it
  32. 32Types of LTM Procedural MemoryThe memory of actions and skills that have been learned previously and involves knowing 'how to do something'
  33. 33Types of LTM Declarative MemoryThe memory of specific facts or events that can be brought into conscious awareness and explicitly stated or 'declared'
  34. 34Types Of LTM Types Of Declarative Memory Episodic MemoryThe declarative memory of specific events or personal experiences. Often include details of time, place and the physiological state of the person when the event occurred
  35. 35Types Of LTM Types Of Declarative Memory Semantic MemoryThe declarative memory of information we have about the world. It includes our specialised knowledge in areas of expertise.
  36. 36Semantic Network TheoryProposes that information in LTM is organised systematically in the form of over-lapping networks of concepts that are interconnected and interrelated by meaningful links. Each concept called a node, is linked with a number of other nodes. When we retrieve info, the activation of one node causes other related nodes to be activated also.
  37. 37Semantic Network Theory "Spreading Activation"Activating one node during retrieval increases the likelihood that associated nodes become activated. The shorter the link between nodes the stronger the association between them & the less time it takes to activate related concepts, the longer the links the weaker the association between them & the longer it takes to activate.
  38. 38Serial Position EffectA finding that free recall is better for items at the end of the list than for items in the middle of the list.
  39. 39Primacy EffectDescribes superior recall of items at the beginning of the list.
  40. 40Recency EffectSuperior recall of items at the end of a list
  41. 41What Causes The Serial Position Effect?The last few items are remembered best because they are still in STM, the first few items are remembered because they received more attention and rehearsal and therefore transferred to LTM. Items around the middle are presented too late to be adequately rehearsed and transferred into LTM and too early to be held in STM without rehearsal

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(Psychology) Fichas sobre Untitled_9, creado por zoelward el 15/07/2013.
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