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Topic 3 attachment-explanations
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- 1explanations of attachment fall into 2 categories ..what are they ?-learning theory explanation
-bowlbys theory - 2What is the learning theory?learning theory views attachment as learned, either because the child associates the mother with providing food or because food ( and the mother who provides it) is seen as pleasurable (because it reduces hunger)
- 3What is classical conditioning ?the relationship between food and pleasure does not have to be learned since they are naturally linked. However the child learns to associate the mother with food so the mother becomes a source of pleasure in herself
- 4What is operant conditioning ?OC suggests that food reduces the child's feelings of hunger and that this reduction of discomfort is rewarding
the food is called a "primary reinforcer" because it satisfies a basic physical need and because the mother provided the food which reduces the child's discomfort, an attachment is formed between the mother and child - the mother then becomes what is called a "secondary reinforcer" - 5What was the conclusion of the harlow study?attachment is concerned more with emotional comfort than food
- 6give a strength of the learning theory ?well controlled research=learning theory is based on laboratory experiments- which is a strength because unwanted factors are controlled meaning results are more reliable.
- 7give a weakness of the learning theory ?role of food in forming attachments=learning theory would suggest that infants only become attached to those people who provide food- this is a weakness because research indicates that baby monkeys spend most of their time with a "cloth mother" suggesting security is important
- 8define learning theorylearning theory argues that attachments are based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning
- 9define classical conditioning (babies)it refers to learning via association-a new born cries in response to unpleasant states such as hunger or cold. This response is instinctive (innate) and requires no learning. The parent responds by feeding and cuddling. In the language of CC the parents is initially a neutral stimulus that does not produce a response of pleasure to the baby. However after a while the parent becomes associated with the pleasure of feeding and soon will become a conditioned stimulus and able to produce the response of pleasure in themsleves
- 10define operant conditioningit is learning through reward and punishment. The parents actions of cuddling and comfort are powerful rewards (positive reinforcement) for the baby. The action of feeding reduces the babies hunger and discomfort so this is described as negative reinforcement. The quietening of the baby also acts as negative reinforcement on the parent so they are more likely to repeat this the next time the baby cries
- 11What did bowlby argue ?argued that attachment was an instinctive behaviour pattern
- 12who was bowlby influenced by?-evolution theory
-work of Freud and Lorenz and Harlow
-observations made himself pf troubles children and adolescents - 13What did bowlby describe instinctive behaviours such as smiling and grasping as?social releasers which elicit care giving behaviours in parents- parents/mothers posses instinctive behaviours to protect and nurture their babies -genes have evolved by natural selection
- 14How was bowlby influenced by Freud ?influenced by Freud who emphasised the importance of the mother-infant relationship and also drew on harlows work which showed the importance of comfort over food in the formation of attachment -he thought the relationship with the mother was primary and more important than any other hence the term monotropic and the mothers sensitive responsiveness a key to the success of this relationship in providing a safe and secure base for the child-saw formation of secure attachment as essential for childs social and cognitive development
- 15What was bowlbys views on the critical period ?believed that there was a critical period for the formation of this primary attachment similar to that found by Lorenz - he thought this attachment must take place within three years or there would be disruption in the child's social development
- 16What did bowlby believe about the internal working model ?he said that the first attachment or relationship of the child leads to an internal working model being formed- a secure attachment with a mother figure will give the child a template (awareness) of what it is like to have a fulfilling relationship with another human being . Given this awareness the child should thus be able to form other happy relationships in later life (the continuity hypothesis)
- 17Give 2 strengths of Bowlbys theory-it is widely accepted today and has influenced social care and parenting practices
-schaffer and emersons study can be interpreted as supporting bowlbys. although 1 year old babies tended to form multiple attachments they retained 1 primary attachment despite multiple car givers - 18Give 2 weaknesses of Bowlbys theoryhowever schaffer and emerson found that it wasn't always the mother who formed the primary attachment, about 1 third formed primary attachments to their fathers-contradiction
the concept of the critical period is also debated- studies of orphaned kids have shown that kids outside this period have been able to form strong attachments( rutter) - 19Give 2 weaknesses of Bowlbys theorythe concept of the internal working model and the extent to which the primary attachment influences later relationships is widely debated
alternative views such as Kagen emphasise the child's temperament and personality as influencing the child's and social development rather than the mothers sensitivity - 20What is the temperament hypothesisone reason why socially successful children become socially successful adults is because of their personality. It is easier to become attached to someone who is easy to get on with, whether they are kids or adults
- 21does the temperament hypothesis support Bowlbys theoryNo
This is because it could be argued that children become socially successful adults because of their personality not because of their bond with the mother. - 22what was Rutters research?Researchers like Rutter argue that all attachments are equally important (multiple attachment model) - Different attachment figures help with diff aspects of their development.
- 23Does Rutter support Bowlbys theory?No because all attachments are seen as having a function, the mother bond is not viewed as qualitatively different from other attachments.
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- A level Psychology Fichas sobre Topic 3 attachment-explanations , creado por Ella Stokes el 23/11/2018.
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