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Gender Development- Chapter 15
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- 1Gender developmentgender results from a complex interaction of influences.
A. biological
B. Cognitive and motivational
C. Cultural - 2A. Biological InfluencesInclude explanations based on
1) evolutionary approaches
2) neuroscience approaches - 3What are the two evolutionary approaches to gender development?Evolutionary psychology theory
and Biosocial theory - 4what is evolutionary psychology theory?suggests that differences in behavior emerged because they offer a reproductive advantage.
ex. man have better spatial reasoning due to the need for hunting.
ex. women are better at building alliances due to the need for cave sharing. - 5What does Biosocial Theory focus on?Focuses on the evolution of observable physical differences between the sexes.
-ex. men are faster.
These differences have behavioral and social consequences. - 6What is the difference between Evolutionary Psychology Theory and Biosocial Theory?Evolutionary Psychology Theory: How does the evolution of gender behavior aids reproduction.
Biosocial Theory: how do the physical differences in gender affect behavior and social skills. - 7Neuroscience ApproachThree branches.
1. genes
2. hormones and brain functioning
3,. Brain structure and functioning - 8Genesya tu sabes
XX-gurl
XY- boi - 9Hormones and Brain Functioninggender differences in behavior are a reflection of male and sex hormones.
- 10AndrogensClass of hormones that are normally higher in males than females.
- 11CAH- Congenital Adrenal HyperplasiaA condition in which adrenal glands produce higher levels of hormones that have androgen-life effects.
Girls with CAH show higher levels of rough play and are typically more interested in "boy" activities than other girls. - 12Fetus brain development and sex hormoneswhen the fetus brain is developing the sex hormones present leads to sex differences in brain structure.
- 13Cognitive function of hormonesSex hormone levels also have an impact on the cognitive functioning of males and females later in development.
Ex. high levels of estrogen are associated with better verbal skills in females. - 14Physical Structure of male brainmale brains show a higher proportion of white matter: associated with the speed of information transmission.
- 15Physical structure of female brainfemales show a higher proportion of cortical gray matter: associated with information processing.
- 16Kohlberg's Cognitive Theoryproposes that children actively construct gender knowledge in the same way they construct knowledge about the world.
- 17The three stages of Kohlberg's Theory!. Identity
2. Stability
3. Constancy - 18!. identityAt 30 months children establish gender identity and they become aware of their own gender.
- 192. StabilityAt 3-4 years children learn that gender is secured/set (stable over time)
- 203. ConstancyAt 5-7 years children learn gender is unchanging regardless of superficial changes in appearance.
- 21Gender Schema TheoryChildrens bias to behave in accord with their gender identity.
-they acquire and collect knowldge within their gender identity.
- responsible for bias in processing and remembering information about gender. (colors and toys) - 22The two tendencies in this theory1. children retain schema-consistent aspects of gender.
2. they ignore or distort schema-inconsisten information.
results: the learned biases to behave in accordance to their gender identity are especially resistant of change.. - 23flaws in theoriesKohlberg's theory: suggest gender identity far too late into development. At younger ages, children are able to identify with one or the other.
Gender Schema theory: assumes that because we learn our gender biases and behaviors we can modify/remove it through explicit instruction. - 24Boys vs. Girlsyes there are differnces but the differnces are very insignificant when we look at the data. The effect sizes are generally small and we fall under a very similar bell-shaped curve.
- 25Genitalia Development: TestosteroneXY: testosterone causes undifferentiated glands to develop penis and scrotum.
XX: absence of testosterone causes undifferentiated sex glands to develop into the clit, labia, vaginal opening etc.
**male hormones are needed to promote differentiation into a male. cause by default we all develop into females** - 26AndrogynyGENDER- possessing both male and female qualities.
- 27HermaphroditismSEX- possession both male and female reproductive organs.
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- Psychology Fichas sobre Gender Development- Chapter 15, creado por nataly rios el 09/12/2018.
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- nataly rios
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