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Background: Interviews, Interrogations and Coercion
Fichas del conjunto (59)
- 1features of an interview- non-accusatory
- dialogue (question and answer format)
- collection of relevant information
- assessing truthfulness
- assess possibility of an interrogation - 2features of an interrogation- accusatory
- monologue (discourage suspect from talking until ready to tell the truth)
- purpose of obtaining a court-admissible confession - 3who developed a 9 step interrogation technique?- Reid (1962)
- 4what are Reid's 9 steps of interrogation?1. positive confrontation
2. theme development
3. handling denials
4. overcoming objections
5. procurement and retention of suspect's attention
6. handling suspect's passive mood
7. presenting an alternative question
8. getting verbal confession
9. convert verbal confession to written - 5what is a positive confrontation?- tell the suspects the evidence confirms there is no doubt that he or she is guilty of the crime
- 6what is theme development?- shift the blame away from the suspect to another person or set of circumstances
- e.g. you killed your partner but only after severe provocation - 7what is handling denials?- never allowing the suspect to deny guilt
- makes it harder to get a confession if they keep reaffirming to themselves - 8what is overcoming objections?- use their objections against them
- 9what is procurement and retention of suspect's attention?- keep the attention of suspect by maintaining eye contact and using first names
- 10what is handling a passive suspect?- crying should be inferred as guilt
- not crying should be inferred as guilt by their understanding of what is being told to them - 11what is presenting an alternation question?- provide two options, both inferring guilt, but where one is more socially acceptable than the other
- 12what do you do after an admission of guilt in interrogation?- encouraged to explain what happened
- asked questions to gain details and clarity
- conversion of the confession into written, audio and video taped confession - 13strengths of the 9 step interrogation?- justified since you are interrogating someone whom you believe is guilty
- confession benefits society as it leads to a guilty plea (time and money saved from a lengthy trial) - 14weaknesses of the 9 step interrogation- suspect could waste time of the interrogator if they have experienced an interrogation before
- people can be coerced into a false confession - 15who found that pushing suspects to provide information is likely to result in false information being provided, particularly in the Standard Interview?- Pedzek et al (2007)
- 16who presented 4 factors that lead to false confessions?- Gudjonsson (2003)
- 17what were Gudjonsson's 4 factors that lead to likelihood of a false confession?1. the defendant
2. the arrest
3. mental / physical state of suspect
4. interrogation - 18how could the defendant lead to a false confession?- very young
- very old
- low IQ
- mentally disordered
- vulnerable - 19how could the arrest lead to a false confession?- if arrested suddenly, violently or in the middle of the night
- interrogated for long periods or at night - 20how could the mental / physical state of the suspect lead to a false confession?- stressed
- anxious
- ill
- intoxicated - 21how could the interrogation lead to a false confession?- coercive
- biased
- leading interview tactics - 22what types of interview are used to get as much accurate detail as possible?- cognitive interviews
- enhanced cognitive interviews - 23which core studies could we use against eye witness testimonies?- Loftus and Palmer (1974) (eye witnesses don't always give accurate record of events)
- Grant (1998) (context dependent memory improves memory recall) - 24what are the 4 stages of the cognitive interview?1. context reinstatement
2. report everything
3. narrative re-ordering
4. recall from different perspectives - 25what is meant by stage 1: context reinstatement of cognitive interviews?- witnesses asked to mentally take themselves back to scene of crime
- imagine noise, smell, surroundings
- remember their emotions and feelings - 26what is meant by stage 2: report everything of cognitive interviews?- asked to recall everything they can remember
- regardless of how trivial or irrelevant the detail may be to them
- details will cue and enrich witnesses memory, increasing accuracy of their testimony - 27what is meant by stage 3: narrative re-ordering of cognitive interviews?- asked to recall events in a different order
- e.g. start halfway through sequence of events and working backwards
- prevents distorting testimony by trying to create a beginning-to-end narrative with danger of reconstructing the event - 28what is meant by stage 4: recall from different perspectives of cognitive interviews?- witnesses asked to describe event as other who were present at the crime
- e.g. the victim
- the accused
- other witnesses - 29who carried out a field experiment to test the use of CI in a real life setting?- Fisher (1989)
- 30what was the aim of Fisher's research?- to see if the CI enhanced memory of witnesses and victims of real life crimes
- 31what was Fisher's research?- interviewed real witnesses of a robbery division in Florida
- 16 detectives
- 1 group of detectives trained to use CI
- 1 group of detectives given no training - 32results of Fisher's research- 63% more information was recorded from CI detectives compared to untrained group
- repeated measures of un-trained then trained detectives helped witnesses recall 47% more info than with basic training
- 94% accuracy - 33what did Fisher's research conclude?- CI technique reliably enhances memory
- CI is easily learned and administered - 34who conducted research into the standard interview?- Brewer (2000)
- 35what did Brewer say about the standard interview?- little to no training
- interviewers free to ask whatever they felt was relevant
- short answer questions
- frequent interruption
- inappropriate sequences of questions - 36what is the enhanced cognitive interview?- same 4 stages as CI
- adds social aspects to the setting and procedure which appear to improve communication
- minimal distractions
- allowing pauses
- being sensitive towards interviewee
- witness asked to use memory techniques such as imagery - 37comparison between the CI and the ECI- ECI takes longer to learn and requires more practice
- both time consuming to use fully in an investigation
- both techniques often skip stages in practice - 38who developed the cognitive interview?- Geiselman et al (1968)
- 39what is the cognitive process of recalling an event?- acquisition
- retention
- retrieval - 40what impacts are acquisition of information?- past experiences
- beliefs / prejudices
- perception - 41who researched memory acquisition?- Duncan
- 42what was Duncan's research into memory acquisition?- showed a video of 2 men arguing
- one man was black, one man was white
- people believed the black man was more aggressive, when he wasn't - 43what is memory retention?- how long we can hold information for
- 44who researched memory retention?- Malpass
- 45what was Malpass' research into memory retention?- showed a video of simulated crime scene
- asked people to recall crime scene 3 days later - 46results of Malpass' research into memory retention?- 83% accuracy after 3 days
- 36% accuracy after 5 months - 47who researched memory retrieval?- Loftus and Palmer
- 48what 2 types of information is our memory made up of?- information from the event
- information after the event - 49what influences the way we retrieve our memories?- the way we are asked questions
- interview techniques - 50what is prosopagnosia?- inability to recognise faces
- 51who researched face recognition?- Sinha et al (2006)
- 52what did Sinha conclude affects facial recognition?- familiarity
- holistic viewing of the face
- defining features
- lighting
- motion of the face
- expressions (better if expressionless) - 53why is it better to remember faces when they are expressionless?- faces and emotions are processed in different areas of the brain
- 54example of someone who was able to go into hiding for 12 years due to growing facial hair- Radoran Karadzic
- former leader of Bosnia - 55what 3 techniques are used by police and detectives to help witnesses recognise the suspect?- photofit
- evofit
- lineups - 56which is more reliable, photofit or evofit- evofit
- made on computer and keeps morphing until creates a person most similar to who witness remembers - 57who researched the accuracy of lineups?- Wells
- 58what was Wells' research into accuracy of lineups?- showed a man entering a store and told the man had murdered security guard
- asked to pick out suspect from photo lineup
- suspect was not in the lineup
- either told correct or incorrect
- asked how willing they were to testify - 59what is the Enhanced Cognitive Interview?- greet and personalise the interview
- explain aims of interview
- initiate free report
- questioning
- varied and extensive retrieval
- investigative important questioning
- summary
- closure
- evaluation
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- A level (Applied - Collection of Evidence) Psychology Fichas sobre Background: Interviews, Interrogations and Coercion , creado por Katie Crowfoot el 03/04/2019.
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- Katie Crowfoot
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