Fichas
Learning and Adaptation
Fichas del conjunto (66)
- 1process by which experience produces a relatively enduring change in an organism's behaviour or capabilitieslearning
- 2two learning processes that involve a change in behaviour that results from repeated exposure to a single stimulushabituation and sensitization
- 3type of learning which decreases in response strength to a repeated stimulushabituation
- 4what kind of learning? learning to not respond to familiar stimuli saves energy and attention ex. not constantly feeling clothes on your bodyhabituation
- 5this type of learning says that you are unaware of habituated stimuli at the moment but if there is some reason to become aware of it, you canhabituation
- 6habituation occurs in the ________, not sensory neuronscentral nervous system
- 7this is the increase in strength response to a repeated stimulussensitization
- 8what does behaviourism focus on?stimulus and response
- 9behaviourism concerns itself with only what kind of events?observable
- 10what is classical or pavlonian conditioning?association of a neutral stimulus with one that consistently elicits a response
- 11what is acquisition?period during which a response is being learned
- 12each time the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) are paired, it is alearning trial
- 13the more intense the UCS, the ________ the learningquicker
- 14what is the process of classical conditioning?1. unconditioned stimulus -> unconditioned response
2. pair conditioned stimulus with unconditioned stimulus
3. conditioned stimulus -> conditioned response - 15_________ nervous system causes the conditioned response ___________ nervous system causes the unconditioned responsecentral
sympathetic - 16true or false: classical conditioning is response contingent, it matters what the dog does after you give him food and ring the bellfalse
- 17what are the four types of pairing?forward trace pairing
forward short delay pairing
simultaneous pairing
backward pairing - 18on a scale of no learning to best learning, rate the types of pairingsbackward pairing
simultaneous pairing
forward trace pairing
forward short delay pairing - 19what is forward short delay pairing and why is it the best method?bell rings, then food
max interval of 0.5 seconds
best: acts as a cue - 20what kind of reinforcement schedule is this?fixed interval
- 21what kind of reinforcement schedule is this?fixed ratio
- 22what kind of reinforcement schedule is this?variable interval
- 23what kind of reinforcement schedule is this?variable ratio
- 24how do you produce fast learning with high resistance?1. start continuous
2. then shift to partial, preferable variable - 25why did skinner believe that positive reinforcement can solve social problems?- social influence is a part of human nature
- we use too much punishment - 26what are examples of trained animals solving social problems?- training pigeons to peck at orange dots and then using them to find victims in life jackets
-dogs for law enforcement
- sea lions retrieving sunken test weapons - 27what is thorndike's law of effect?a response followed by a satisfied consequence will become more likely to occur and unsatisying consequences less likely
- 28what is instrumental learningbehaviour is instrumental to bringing certain outcomes
- 29what is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?classical - association between two stimuli, stimulus occurs before behaviour
operant - association between behaviour and consequences, behaviour changes because of events that occur after it - 30classical or operant? "reflex caused by preceding stimulus"classical
- 31classical or operant? "organism generates response itself"operant
- 32what is the operant consequence? food for pressing lever, praise for job well donepositive reinforcement
- 33what is the operant consequence? umbrella to avoid painnegative reinforcement
- 34what is the operant consequence? advil to stop headachenegative reinforcement
- 35what is operant extinction?weakening/disappearance of response because it is no longer enforced
- 36spanking and pain is an example ofpositive punishment
- 37positive punishment is when response is weakened by ________ of stimuluspresentation
- 38what are problems associated with positive punishment?- may fail to generalize
- children may learn aggressive behaviour
- punishment only works if it is swift, consistent and aversive - 39what does discrimination do?it works best -- punishes bad and reward good
- 40what are primary reinforcers?naturally reinforcing, satisfy biological needs
food, water - 41what are secondary/conditioned reinforcers?associated with primary reinforcers
money, grades - 42what is shaping?reinforcing successive approximations toward a final response
- 43rewarding a shy child for speaking at louder and louder volumes is an example of what?shaping
- 44what is chaining?when you reward each response with opportunity to perform next response
- 45a child learns not to touch his own stove and doesn't touch all stoves this is an example ofoperant generalization
- 46child learns to only raid cookie jar when parent's aren't home this is an example ofoperant discrimination
- 47behaviourism ignores ___________'s influence on learningevolution
- 48animals are biologically prewired to easily learn behaviours related to ____________survival of species
- 49what are phobias?relatively common, intense and irrational, anxiety disorder
- realize that fear is irrational but can't help it - 50uses classical or operant conditioning to cure fearbehaviour therapy
- 51what is systematic desensitization?- patient learns muscle relaxation techniques and is exposed to the fear stimulus
- 52in systematic desensitization, the fear stimulus gets gradually more _________intense
- 53what is exposure therapy?expose phobic patient to fear stimulus without any UCS (the thing they fear) allowing extinction to occur
highly effective - 54what is flooding?immediately exposing the person to the fear stimulus
- 55what is the main problem with flooding?the person may not be willing to expose themselves and it is not always possible
- 56what is implosion?patient must imagine fearful situation
- 57what is counter conditioning?replacing conditioned response with something else
-pair feared object with positive stimulus response - 58when counter-conditioning, if you don't build up the intensity of the fear stimulus slowly, you will...end up fearing the positive stimulus as well
- 59what is aversion therapy?change of behaviour by changing reinforcement to punishment
- 60what part of the brain deals with classically conditioned movements like blinking?cerebellum
- 61what part of the brain deals with classical conditioned fears?amygdala
- 62nucleus accumbent and dopamine deal with what?rewards
- 63rich learning environment causes better brain development and there forebetter learning ability
- 64how do marketers use attraction?they pair their products with already favourable stimuli to create favourable attitudes
or
used to create negative attitudes (smoking/drugs) - 65how are allergic reactions caused?neutral stimuli paired with an allergen
for ex. pairing fishbowl with triggers of asthma, eventually asthma attacks can be caused by fishbowl - 66what is conditioned taste aversion?pairing smell or taste with toxin so that the taste/smell now repulses you
Información
- Descripción
- Psychology Fichas sobre Learning and Adaptation , creado por Karen Pura el 08/12/2014.
- Creado por
- Karen Pura
- Visitas
- 3
- Etiquetas
- Valoración