Fichas
Personality
Fichas del conjunto (200)
- 1Personality as personhoodWhat distinguishes humans- rationality, morality, intellect
Shared humanity
Great chain of being, scale of nature- feel, think - 2PersonaMask
Personality as role in drama of life
Character later as moral virtue - 3TheophrastusWhy individual greeks are so different
- 4Personality as beneath the maskAuthentic or true self
Not social roles
Individualistic idea - 5Personality as individualityBell curve- individual differences
- 6Personality in psychologyBroad, enduring, nonintellectual psychological differences
- 7Where is personality fundamentalPersonal identity
Social communication
Impression formation
Stereotypes - 8PrenticeSelf-description
Values, traits, interpersonal attitudes most referenced - 9Gossip and social communicationDunbar argues human intelligence evolved to deal with complexities with social life and communication
- 10Person perceptionDispositional inference, correspondence bias- extremely quick inferences about others' personalities
- 11............ made based on personality traitsstereotypes
- 12Personality psychology tries to understand thewhole person
- 13Personality psychology and other disciplinesClinical and personality- difference normal and abnormal
Social and personality- person v situation - 14Every person is in certain respectslike everyone, some people and no one
Murray and Kluckholm - 15Genre preferencesCommunal- women, less ed
Aesthetic- women more ed
Dark- younger, men
Thrilling- men, less ed
Cerebral- old, ed - 16M U S I CMellow relaxing romantic
Unpretentious agreeable
Sophisticated- openness, intelligence
Intense- tense, sensation aggressive
Contemporary- extraverts happy - 17Personality and longetivityNeuroticism, agreeableness and conscientiousness have important consequences for behaviour and health
- 18Personality traitSimplest descriptive unit in personality psychology
- 19What is a trailConsistently stable
pattern
of thinking feeling or behaving - 20four factors of traitsrelatively stable
relatively consistent
varying
dispositional - 21Bandwith of traitsBroad or narrow= high mid or low level and associated behaviours
- 22Ali and personalityPomegranate
Walnut
Prune
Grape - 23Lexical approach to personality- who?Important distinctions in personality incorporated in everyday speech
- 24Allport and OdbertTrait universe
Searched dictionary for words to describe differences
18000
Filtered out physical, cognitive, transient and judgemental ones
4500
Reduced to 171 synonymous groups
Factor analysis- 16 factors
16 basic dimensions of personality - 25Donald Fiske16 factors underpinned by five basic dimensions
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism - 26ExtraversionSociable
assertive
enthusiastic
v
shy
reserved
quiet
retiring - 27Agreeablenesswarm, modest, kind, helpful
v
cold, unfriendly and quarrelsome - 28NeuroticismTense, irritable, high-strung
V
Stable, calm, serene, content - 29ConscientiousnessDisciplined, organised, thorough
v
careless, frivolous, irresponsible - 30Openness to experienceImaginative, intelligent, original, sophisticated v
simple, shallow, conventional - 31Facets of big fiveLow level facets of big five
Neuroticism- anxiety, depression, hostility, impulsive - 32Value of big 5Helps with
assessment of personality
investigation of correlates
explanation of underpinnings of personality
help map personality - 33Extraversion correlatesDrug preference
Quick reaction time
Positive - 34Agreeableness correlatesTrusting
Cooperate
Altruism - 35NeuroticismDepression, emotionality, low self esteem
- 36OpennessArtistic interests
Less prejudice
Higher education - 37Big Five universalityBig five factors found in many languages and factors
- 38Flaws of big fiveAssumes all important variation captured by language- questionnaire approach and personality tests
- 39Proponent of questionnaire approachHans Eysenck
- 40Eysenck's 2/3 factorsExtraversion
Neuroticism
Psychoticism
Biologically based - 41Hartshone May 192810-13 year olds given multiple behavioral tests to lie cheat steal etc dishonesty varies widely
- 42Michel's situationalism critiqueWeak correlation still important
Consistency greater for agregate behavior
Situational as weak as dispositional
Interactionist view necessary - 43InteractionismBehavior complex interaction between situation character past etc
- 44Inconsistency in traitsPerson has distribution of behaviours on trait dimension
People high on trait tend to engage in behaviours more often on average - 45Culture and big 5middle class american undergraduates usually used
translation of personality tests shows brod consistency but minor differences - 46Big 5 cultural differencesDominance and love for extraversion and ageeableness in Filipino Korean and Japanese samples
- 47Indigenous personality systemsStart from other lexicons
Congruence for most except openness in european countries
apparent culture specificity- china- harmony, relationship, thrift, adventurousness - 48Traits or typesJung- categories not dimension- archetype resemblance
myers-briggs - 49Eysenck and HippocratesMelancholic
Choeric
Sanguine
Phlegmatic - 50Michel 1968 trait situationismWeak correlation between trait expression in situations
Situation main determinant of behavior - 51Aspects of personality that traits cannot explainValues
Interests
Character strengths - 52ValuesConcepts or beliefs
About desirable end states
That transcend specific situations
And guide behavior or evaluation - 53Values areCognitive
Linked to motives
Desirable
Learned - 54Schwartz value circleOpenness to change
Self- trascendence
Conservation
Self- enhancement - 55Aims of positive psychologyStudy and promote human character strengths not abnormality and conflict
- 56VIA taxonomy classifies strengths thatAre environmentally shaped
Contribute to fulfilment
Valued in their own right
Do not diminsh anyone when exercised - 57VIA classificationWisdom
Courage
Humanity
Justice
Temperance
Transcendence - 58Alternative units for describing personalityMotives, needs, goals
Life narratives
Personal constructs - 59Traits useful forPsychology of strangers
- 60McAdams' personality levelsDispositional trails
Characteristic adaptations
Life stories - 61Hierarchy of scienceSocial science- psychology- neuroscience- biology- chemistry- mathematics
- 62Three levels of biological approaches to personalityGenetics
Brain
Hormornal - 63Brain functioning and personalityNeural systems
Neural structures
Neurochemicals - 64DNA and personality20k orotein coding genes
3 mil DNA base pairs
Genetic variation 0.01% - 65Three ways to examine genetic contributionsFamily studies- resemblance and relatedness- BUT ALSO shared environment
Twin Studies- compare mono and di, greater resemblance for former means genetic, same environment
Adoption- compare resemblance to AP and BP, genetic v environment - 66Cons of adoption studiesSelective placement- similar environment
Adopted early
Prenatal environment - 67Personality and heritability.3-.5
Even for seemingly purely learned values - 68Heritability caveatsPersonality not fixed
Consistent with substantial environmental contributions
Variation within population- not genetic contribution to individual's personality
Not entail strong resemblance between parents and children - 69Environment and heritabilityMost not shared- parent, class, ethnicity- but non-shared- illness, friends
Env can be genetically influences- susceptibility to accident - 70Specific personality related genesMost traits assumed to be summation of many small genetic influences
Several specific genes- novelty seeking, dopamine sensitivity neuroticism and serotonergic functioning- increases depression and stress
Most traits the cumulative effects of hundreds of genes - 71Caspi et al847 Kiwi children from 3-26
Examined what 5-HTT gene they had- shorter reduced serotonergic function
Assessed number of stressful life events in past events and current depression
Stress and depressed only in ss and sl
Childhood trauma and depression in ss and sl only - 72Eysenck's theory of brain functioningExtraversion and low brain arousal- desire for stimulant
Neuroticism and limbic system reactivity- more ns arousal to stress - 73Gray's theory of brain functioningImpulsivity and beahvioral action system- BAS- linked to reward and pleasure sensitivity
Anxiety and Behavioral Inhibition System- linked t punishment and pain sensitivity - 74Personality and brain structureExtraversion- reward information
Neuroticism- associated with threat, punishment and negative emotion
Agreeableness- processing areas for others' intentions and mental states
Conscientiousness- region of planning and voluntary control - 75No brain correlate forOpenness
- 76Brain functioning and neurotransmitter activityExtraversion- dopamine
Neuroticism- norepinephrine
Constraint- serotonin - 77Hormones and personalityPrenatal sex hormones
2D:4D- index to ring finger length ratio- associated with testosterone exposure
Men longer ring finger - 782D: 4D ratio correlatesMen
Physical aggression
Masculine career interests
Less feminine gender roles
Women
Indirect aggression
Masculine interests - 79Benderlioglu and Nelson- 2004Reactive aggression in women
Raise money for fictitious charity by making calls
Calls went to kind but non-donating or hostile confederates
Hostility assessed by how hard phone was put down and tone of follow up
Women with lower 2D:4D more hostile - 80Risks of biological explanationReductionism- higher level as unnecessary
Determinism
Immutability
Nature nurture complex - 81PsychoanalysisEffort to develop an encompassing psychological account of personality
- 82Three elements of psychoanalysisStructure of personality
Personality dynamics
Personality development - 83Psychoanalysis tied to a form of .........Psychotherapy
- 84FreudAnatomy, neurology training
Hypnosis and hysteria
Psychoanalytic theory and movement
Theoretical breaks with Jung and Adler - 85Anna OAnasthesia
Inability
Paralyses
Spasms
Amnesia
Inability to speak German
Trances
False pregnancy - 86Hypnotic treatment featuresCatharsis and recollections of trauma
Hysterics- suffer memories
Seduction theory - 87Abandonment of seduction theoryFreud concluded hysterics memories of abuse actually fantasies
- 88Three components of psychoanalytic theoryTopographic- levels of mental life
Structural- organisation of the personality
Genetic- stages of personality development - 89Topographic modelThree levels of the mind
1. The Conscious
2. The Preconscious
3. The Unconscious - 90The Unconscious is ............ not just ............Dynamic
Descriptive - 91Two parts of UnconsciousCensor
Repression - 92CS and UCS are systemsPrimary process thinking- dreams, contradictory and non-linear
Secondary process thinking- rational, linear - 93Eruptions of unconsciousJokes
Slips of the tongue
Dreams
Symptoms - 94Psychic structures and agenciesId
Superego
Ego - 95Caveats of Id, Ego and SuperegoAgencies not homunculi
Not alien forces - 96IdImmediate impulse
Incapable of delay
Linked to instincts
Entirety of person at birth
Inaccessible to consciousness - 97SuperegoPrimitive moral sense
Responsible for prohibition
Punishes transgression with guilt
Internalized parental voice
3-6
Divisible into ought and ideals
Largely unconscious - 98EgoServant of 3 masters- reality 3rd
Horse and rider
Develops out of the Id
Partly conscious - 99Ego defense mechanismsDenial
Projection
Reaction formation
Repression
Sublimation - 100SublimationUnconsciously deflecting a sexual or aggressive impulse toward socially acceptable expressions
- 101Genetic modelPersonality development is a progression through psychosexual stages
oral
anal
phallic - 102OralDependency, incorporation, passivity
- 103AnalControl, mastery, autonomy
- 104PhallicGender, sexuality
- 105Difficulties navigating through each stage leaves a mark on the personalityFixation
Regression - 106OralPassive, dependent, sarcastic
Vulnerability to depression - 107AnalObstinate, stingy, inflexible
Vulnerable to OCD - 108Anal triadOderliness
Obstinacy
Parsimony - 109Anal character associated withholding back
enjoyment - 110Anal character as a reactionof cleanliness against fascination with filth
- 111Obstinacy and parsimony assublimations of early struggles with control and retention
- 112Anal character and OCDDetails, rules, lists, order, agenda
Perfectionism
Extreme dedication to work and efficiency
Meticulous, scrupulous
Unwilling to pass on tasks
Stingy
Capable - 113Theory of motivationDeath drive
Instinct theory
Psychic theory
Determinism - 114InferenceUnreliability of psychoanalytic interpretation
- Subjectivity
- Wild interpretation
- Vocation by theoretical school
- Lack of objective criteria for choosing - 115Lack of scientific basisProblematic evidence
Lack of empirical testing
Difficulty of testing - 116Merits of psychoanalysisConflict and complexity recognized
People self-deceive
Mental phenomena have meaning
Importance of childhood - 117Germs of truth in psychologyChildhood determinism- child mattrs
Pscyhosexual urges- attachment
Instinct theory- motivation recognition
Clinical psychoanalysis- talk therapy - 118Hysteria todaySomatic symptom disorder
Conversion disorder
Dissociative disorder
Functional neurological disorder - 119Reasons for birth of psychoanalysisThings not as they seem
Unconscious mental life
Childhood sexuality - 120Oedipal Complex Sex differencesPossess mother, threatened by father
Female morality less harsh due to lack of castration fear - 121Fixation and regressionLater surface if problem with developmental stage
- 122Weird freuddeterminism
instinct theory
death drive
psychic energy - 123Cognitive psychologyExplaining personality in cognitive terms, focusing on ways of thinking and constructing meaning
- 124Characteristics of cognitive psychologyHaving v doing
People as sense makers
Emphasis on experience near
Motivation to understand and predict
Person as scientist - 1254 cognitive theories of personalityPersonal constructs- perception
Attributional style- explanation
Emotional intelligence- thinking
Representing- the self - 126George KellyPersonal constructs
Humans primarily driven to understand, predict and control their environment
We develop theories that are idiosyncratic, constructed and construe the world - 127Kelly believes human cognition to be .........: .... and ......Contrastive
Bipolar and categorical - 128Why was Kelly radical?Focus on perception and not behavior
Idiographic- uniqueness
Each person has system of constructs in terms of which they perceive the world - 129The Repertory GridOne of these not like the others
- 130Three types of constructsSimplicity v complexity
Rigidity
Conflict - 131Attribute v constructPerceive v explain world
- 132Three dimensions of attributionsInternal v external
Stable/ lasting v transient
Global v specific - 133Attributional styleIndividual differences in attributional style- focus on explanations for negative events
Pessimism- internal, stable and global negative; positive as external, unstable and specific
Both irrational - 134Attributional style explainsVulnerability to depression
Poorer academic performance
Worse physical health
Shorter life span
Poor performance - 135Emotional IntelligenceAbility/ skill
Emotional and social capabilities - 136Components of emotionPerceiving emotion
Using emotion- to guide behavior
Understanding emotion- prediction and reasoning
Managing emotion- control - 137EI correlates with ... but not ...General intelligence
agreeableness and openness - 138How is ei measuredPerformance on tests with correct and incorrect answers
- 139EI correlatesacademic performance
job performance
social sensitivity
less antisocial behavior - 140Cognition and the selfMental representation of personal attributes
- 141Two individual difference variables relevant to selfSelf- esteem
Self- complexity - 142Self-complexityNumber and distinctness of self-aspects
- 143Self complexity correlated withbuffer against negative life events
but also greater depression - 144When does self complexity harmWhen self is fragmented, incoherent or confused
Self concept clarity as important - 145Self esteemPositive global evaluation of self
- 146Cons of self esteemNot universal
Little evidence that it promotes academic achievement, work performace or health
Not associated with sociability
May promote aggression - 147Good self esteemNot fragile but stable- average
- 148Defensive self-esteemHigh explicit self-esteem + low implicit self esteem
- 149Narcissismoverly high self esteem
Superiority and arrogance
Entitlement
Need for admiration
Sensitivity to criticism - 150Narcissism and self esteemaAllow self-promotion, display personal appearance and pursue shallow relationships
Davenport et al- correlate between narcissism and social media presence - 151Why are life narratives necessary?Unity, purpose and meaning in lives of persons
- 152PsycobiographySystematic study of individual lives using psychological theory and research, erikson and inspired by murray
- 153RunyanPsychobiographies of van gogh'd ear episode= desire to harm partner, self-castration, against brother, biblical
Filtered them - 154Improving psychobiographyExplanations logical
Account for different aspects
Pass falsification attempts
Consistent with knowledge about people in general
More credible than alternatives
Perceived loss of brother - 155Narrative methods in self-narrativesTone- positive and overcoming, negative
Narrative theme- agentic, communal
Characters- lover, fighter, carer, warrior - 156Types of narrative formsStability
Progressive
Tragic
Happy-ever-after
Comedy/ melodrama
Romantic - 157Pros and cons of narrativesLess scientific
Reflects complexity - 158Personality spectrumSoft and hard- narratives/ psychoanalysis/ projective/ person-centric
Hard- traits, biological, stability, variable-centred - 159Domains of personality assessmentOrganizational
Clinical
Educational
Counselling
Forensic - 160Problems with assessmentSubjective
Not infallible source of information
Object being measured knows this
Traits not observable - 161ReliabilityDependable or error free nature of test
- 162Measures of reliabilityInternal consistency
Inter-rater reliability- different adminsitrators
Re-test reliability - 163Components of validityDoes test measure what it is intended to
= content, convergent and discriminant
Does test provide practically useful information - 164For a good test of XItems should intercorrelate
Same score whenever, wherever,
Items should clearly relate to meaning of X
Should not correlate with Y and Z measurement
Should correlate with things X is related tp - 165Kinds of personality measurementInterviews
Perosnality inventories
Projective tests
Implicit tests - 166Why are interviews rarely usedTime consuming
Subjective
Biase-prone - 167Interview biasesHalo effect
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Confirmation bias - 168Forms of interviewsStructured
Unstructured - 169Provocative interviewsTrying to coax out personality traits
- 170Test developmentItem generation
Pilot testing
Item analysis- factor analysis and internal consistency
Select optimal items for final scales
Re-test on new sample
Correlate with other tests
Develop norms - 171problems of self reportinventories vulnerable to response bias
- 172validity scale typeslie scales
infrequency scales
defensiveness scales
inconsistency scales - 173William James and the plaster theoryAfter age 30, our personalities are fixed
- 174What do theories say about personality change in adulthood?Trait theory- traits stable by definition
Biological- innate tendencies
Psychoanalysis- childhood determinism - 175Michel and the marshmallowCapacity for impulse control and delayed gratification predicted planfulness, stress tolerance and SAT scores 11-14 years later
- 176Casey et al Sham et alDelayed gratification at age 4 predicted self-control 40 years later
Delay predicted BMI 30 years later - 177How do longitudinal studies of personality workCorrelate personality scales across time to develop rank order stability
- 178Costa & McCraeCorrelations .65 of personality traits over 20yr period after age 30
- 179Rank order stability increases ............. ...........Over time
- 180Roberts & DelVecchioMeta analysis calculating re test correlations over a 7 year period at different ages discovered that rank order stability increases with time.
- 181What causes stability?Genetic influences
Environmental channelling
Environmental selection
Freedom from disruptive changes
Psychological resources
Identity formation - 182What is the second way in which to measure stability?Rank order stability- position- relative to their peers. Compatible with mean-level change
- 183What did srivasta et al examineHard plaster view- personality test mean scores should reach a plateau
Soft plaster view- personality change slows at 30 - 184Srivasta et al changes in agreeableness after 30Agreeableness: increases, especially after 30
- 185Srivasta et al changes in conscientiousnessConscientiousness: increases but plateaus after 30
- 186Srivasta et al changes in neuroticismNeuroticism: decreases in women only
- 187Srivasta et al changes in opennessOpenness: decreases
- 188Srivasta et al changes in opennessExtraversion: increases (men) & decreases (women
- 189What causes mean level change in traits after 30Changing life circumstances, social roles and expectations
- 190Mills College longitudinal studywomen who became mothers between university and 27 became more responsible, tolerant and feminine, and less sociable and self-accepting
from 21 to 43, women who became homemakers showed smaller increases in independence than childless women - 191Roberts et al. (2003) study of young people 18-26Work attainment was associated with increased self-confidence & sociability, and decreased anxiety
- 192Personality change in transition from adolescence to adulthoodmore Agreeable & Conscientious and less Neurotic during the transition to adulthood (Soto et al., 2011)
International sojourns for university students raise Agreeableness & Openness (Zimmerman & Neyer, 2013) - 193Educational challenges in the transition from school to university are associated with growth in ............... (Bleidorn, 2012)conscientiousness
- 194Transition to first intimate partner relationship is associated with lasting reductions in ......... & ............. (Neyer & Lehnart, 2007)neuroticism
shyness - 195International sojourns for university students raise ............... and .........agreeableness
openness - 196Cross-temporal meta-analysisComparing mean levels of attributes across time
- 197Twenge, increases across time in uni inSelf-esteem
Extroversion
Neuroticism
External attribution
Assertiveness in women - 198Erik Erikson & the “.......... stages” of .................Eight
Mankind - 199Erikson's life stages basic ............ v ........... autonomy v .......... initiative v ............... .............. v inferiority identity v ...........trust, mistrust
shame
guilt
industry
identity - 200trust v mistrust corresponds to .......oral stage
Información
- Descripción
- mbb2 Fichas sobre Personality, creado por Pavani A el 20/10/2019.
- Creado por
- Pavani A
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