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Perception-Approaches
Fichas del conjunto (10)
- 1Gestalt's approach Features* This argues that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts and focuses on perceptual organisation; which elements are grouped together.
* Organising principles include closure, good continuation, proximity and similarity - 2Gestalt's approach Eavluation- 2D stimuli cannot explain 3D objects in the real world situation
- 3Gibson (1979) Direct Perception Approach Features* bottom up approach
* interested in how real objects in the visual field structured the optic array
* invariant information (horizon ratio relation, texture gradients, motion) picked up from optic array to provide cues as to position, orientation and shape of surfaces
* therefore ecological approach (perception cannot be studied in laboratory)
* perception is not a product of complex cognitive analysis
* features of objects directly afford their use (eg rock is to be stood on without further processing)
* action is seen as the goal of perception - 4Gibson (1979) Direct Perception Approach Evaluation- saw no role for memory in perception
- prior knowledge has no role in perception
- did not explain how info is picked up from environment
- see action as goal and end point of perception
+ ecological: take into account real objects - 5Marr (1982) Information Processing Approach Features* perception composed of a series of more and more useful information is generated at each
* stages: grey level description --> primal sketch --> 2 1/2D sketch --> 3D object-centred description
*
early visual processing is a bottom up processing
* incoming sensory information needs to be processed to produce representations for matching against stored representations - 6Marr (1982) Information Processing Theory Evaluation+ takes into account the importance of cognitive processing
+ this theory has been very influential and most debates relate to the details rather than the overall approach
- some grouping strategies make use of 3D information - 7Gregory (1980) Constructivist Approach Features* purpose of perception as recognition rather than action
* sensory information is incomplete
* people try to recognise objects by generating hypothesis and testing these hypothesis
* requires top down information to fill in the gaps
* prior knowledge is essential for generating hypothesis - 8Gregory (1980) Constructivist Approach Evidence* Impoverished stimuli (Street 1931)
(- prior knowledge to guide perceptual hypothesis may lead to incorrect recognition)
(- cannot be generalised to normal conditions)
* Visual illusions (Muller-Lyer) generated by expectations
(- we still see the lines are different length even though we know they are the same) - 9Gregory (1980) Constructivist Approach Evaluation+ acknowledge the role of top down processing
- evidence is questionable as poor stimulus information was used
- cannot generalise to normal conditions
- evidence from illusions shows perception is not influenced by conscious knowledge - 10Dual-process Approach (neuropsychological evidence)* evidence from neuropsychology found two streams of visual pathways from retina to the cortex
*Dorsal - perception for action (linked to Gibson-no link to knowledge) / damage to dorsal route: patient can describe objects but difficult to grasp them
* Ventral - perception for recognition, conscious perception (linked to Marr and Constructivist) / damage to ventral route : e.g. DF could recognise visual objects/faces but could not pick up items
* combining top-down and bottom-up processing
* supporting perception can be for both action and recognition
* Norma 2002 suggested two streams work together
* Hupe et al (1998) suggested re-entrant pathways: bottom-up processing to produce low-level description which is used to generate perceptual hypothesis at higher level then re-entrant pathways assess the accuracy of hypothesis
* Di Lollo et al (2000) explained visual masking effect by re-entrant processing, i.e. masking occurs due to insufficient time for re-entrant processing before the target object disappears and as the re-entrant processing from the original stimulus does not match the current mask and therefore is not perceived
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- Hons Degree (Perception) DD303 Cognitive Psychology Fichas sobre Perception-Approaches, creado por gloriachan el 28/09/2013.
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