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Flashcards by Victoria hamm, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Victoria hamm
almost 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| adaptation | Inherited solutions to ancestral problems selected because they contribute to reproductive success; they continue to perform that function even when the problem no longer exists. |
| asylums | facilities for treating the mentally ill that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages and into the 19th century |
| behavioral neuroscience | the study of the links among brain, mind, and behavior. |
| behaviourism | a school of psychology - that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives. |
| biological psychology | the study of the relationship between bodily systems & chemicals, & how they influence behavior and thought. |
| clinical psychology | the field that deals with the treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and the promotion of psychological health. |
| cognitive psychology | the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems. |
| collectivist culture | a culture in which people view themselves in connection to others; the needs of the group are more important than the needs of individuals. |
| developmental psychology | the study of how thought and behavior change and remain stable across the life span. |
| educational psychology | the study of learning, the effectiveness of teaching techniques, the social psychology of schools, & the psychology of teaching. |
| empiricism | the view that all knowledge and thoughts come from experience. |
| evolution | the change over time in the frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species. |
| evolutionary psychology | the branch of psychology that aims to understand the functions of the human mind by looking at & understanding what adaptive problems it may have solved earlier in its ancestral past. |
| forensic psychology | the study that combines psychology & the legal & criminal justice systems. |
| functionalism | a school of psychology- looking at why the mind worked the way it did rather than to describe its parts. |
| Gestalt psychology | a theory of psychology that proposes to perceive things as wholes rather than a compilation of parts. |
| health psychology | the study of the role that psychological factors play in regard to physical health and illness. |
| humanistic psychology | a theory of psychology that focuses on personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one’s highest potential. |
| individualistic culture | a culture in which people tend to view themselves as autonomous individuals |
| industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology | the application of psychological concepts, questions to work settings & problems. |
| introspection | the main method of investigation for structuralists; looking into one’s own mind for information about the nature of conscious experience. |
| moral treatment | treatment of the mentally ill in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries; its goal was to offer dignity &care in a relaxing environment. |
| natural selection | a feedback process whereby nature favors one design over another, depending on impact on reproduction. |
| nature through nurture | the position that the environment—constantly interacts with biology to shape who we are & what we do. |
| neuroscience | the interdisciplinary study of the structure and function of human and animal brains. |
| personality psychology | the study of what makes people unique- the consistencies in people’s behavior across time & situations. |
| positive psychology | a theory of psychology promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning, but does so from a scientific rather than theoretical perspective. |
| psychoanalysis | a clinically based approach to understanding and treating psychological disorders; assumes that the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind thought& behavior. |
| psychology | the scientific study of thought & behavior. |
| psychophysics | the first scientific form of psychology; laboratory studies of the subjective experience of physical sensations. |
| shamans | those who treat the possessed by driving out demons with elaborate rituals, such as exorcisms, incantations, and prayers. |
| social psychology | the study of how living among others influences thought, feeling, and behavior. |
| socio-cultural perspective | an approach to psychological research that emphasizes cross-cultural differences in thinking and behavior. |
| sports psychology | the study of psychological factors in sports and exercise. |
| structuralism | 19th-century school of psychology that argued that breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought & behavior. |
| Emil Kraepelin | began a systematic method of classifying and diagnosing psychological disorders. He identified dementia praecox. |
| Dorathea Dix | was the first practitioner of moral treatment. In 40 years, she personally helped to open 30 homes for moral treatment of the mentally ill. |
| Hippocrates | Established natural and physical explanations for disorders in ancient times. He was the first to write about acrophobia – the fear of heights. |
| trephination | the drilling of a small hole in the person’s skull to release the spirits and demons that possessed the afflicted person. |
| float test | Medieval practice used to "test" if a person had a witch identity-a person’s hands and feet were tied & she was thrown into a lake or river. If she floated, she had to be guilty because only the Devil could make someone float; if she sank, she was innocent. |
| John Locke | Stated that knowledge comes from experience-empiricism. He believed that the mind begins as a blank slate (tabula rasa), and that experience (what one sees, hears, tastes, touches, and smells) establishes its contents. |
| Ernst Weber, Gustav Fechner, and Hermann von Helmholtz | Philosophers who contributed to the ideas that tests should be done- they were called experimental psychologists. |
| Wilhelm Wundts | Set up his psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. This is considered the birthplace of experimental psychology. Is also credited with the separation of psychology from philosophy and physiology. |
| James Mark Baldwin | Wundts apprentice, who established the first Canadian laboratory of experimental psychology at the University of Toronto in 1891-considered the founder of psychology in the United States. |
| G. Stanley Hall | opened the first U.S. laboratory of psychology at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore thereby establishing psychology as a science in the United States. He founded the American Psychological Association (APA) and become its first president in 1892. |
| Francis Cecil Sumner | was the first African American to earn a PhD in psychology (1920). |
| Mary Whiton Calkins | became the first female president of the APA in 1905. Despite her accomplishments, Harvard refused to grant her a Ph.D. because she was a woman. |
| Margaret Floy Washburn | the first woman to be granted a Ph.D. in 1894. She is most famous for writing a book The Animal Mind based on her research with animals. |
| William James | was one of the most famous functionalists. |
| John Watson | Founded behaviorism- proposes that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives. |
| Edward Titchener | one of the most famous structuralists, who used introspection in his study of behaviors. |
| Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers | Founders of the Humanistic psychology movement in the 60's-which focuses on personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one’s highest potential. |
| Martin Seligman and Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi | Initiators of the movement called the positive psychology movement in the 1990s. It shares the humanism belief that psychology should focus on studying, understanding, & promoting healthy &positive psychological functioning with a scientific focus. |
| Max Wertheimer | Developed Gestalt psychology-which proposed that we perceive things as unified whole rather than a compilation of parts, focused on perceptions. |
| Neuroscientists | Major contributors are Donald Hebb, -Hebb's Law, & Wilder Penfield who pioneered epilepsy treatments through surgery. |
| interactionist perspective | The notion of nature through nurture, mainly the concept that the environment constantly interacts with biology to shape who we are and what we do. |
| Mind-Body Dualism | How much separation is between mind & body? This dualism, is the separation of mind and body. If true, allows for the idea of a soul that survives bodily death. This allows for ideas of reincarnation and resurrection. |
| chance mutations | genes which change for no apparent reason-these mutations can cause variation in the design of a structure or a set of behaviors. |
| Native North American medicine | medicine practices which relied not only on spiritual healing, but also on the use of herbs and botanicals that contained medical ingredients. |
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