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Memory
Fichas del conjunto (65)
- 1What is Memory?Memory is the ability to take information, store it and recall it
- 2What are the three stages of memory?Encoding, storing and retrieval
- 3Process of encoding?Encoding involves making mental representations of information to place it in the memory. It allows information from the outside world to reach our senses in forms of stimuli.
- 4Process of storing/storage?Storage involves placing encoded information into permanent memory for later recall. It is the creation of permanent records of encoded information. It is the memory stage in which we maintain info over time periods.
- 5Process of retrieval?Retrieval involves recalling info placed in STM & LTM. It involves the calling back stored info in response to some cue for use in a process/activity. The info is located and then returned back to our consciousness. Some retrieval attempts may be effortless due to the the type of info.
- 6What is Short term memory?STM is the capacity for holding a small amount of info in the mind in an actively readily available state for a short period of time
E.g. STM used to remember a phone number just recited - 7Duration and capacity of STM?Capacity: about 7 items
Duration: 15 to 30 seconds - 8Key aspects of STMLimited capacity, Limited duration and encoding is primarily acoustic even translating visual info into sounds
- 9What is long term memory?LTM is the unlimited capacity memory store that can hold info for lengthy periods of time
(Possible to remain for a lifetime) - 10What are the three types of memory stored in the LTM?Procedural memory: Knowing how to do things (ride a bike)
Semantic/declarative memory: Knowing the meaning of things/general knowledge
Episodic memory: Events that happened to you - 11Atkinson-Shiffrin multistore model of memoryStructural model that proposed that memory consists of three stages: a sensory register, STM and LTM
- 12Sensory storeInformation that is detected by the sense organs enters the sensory memory. If this information is attended to it enters the STM
- 13STMInfo from the STM is transferred to the LTM only if info is rehearsed. If rehearsal does not occur the info is forgotten and lost from STM by displacement/decay process
- 14LTMThe storage of info over an extended period (something that has happened a few moments/decades ago). It is often outside the conscious mind. Frequently accessed memories are stringer and easier to recall.
- 15Iconic memoryVisual information from the eyes, stored as images, like photographic snapshots, just a fraction of a second
- 16Duration and capacity of Iconic memory?Capacity: 8-9 items
Duration: 4 seconds - 17Echoic memoryAuditory imputes from ears, things you hear, stored as sounds, mental traces of sounds, held longer and easier to remember than visual codes.
Saying things aloud/to yourself makes them easier to remember - 18Duration and capacity of echoic memory?Capacity: 4-5 items
Duration: 1 second - 19Working memory model (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974)
- 20Central executiveMost important component of the working memory model and decides what information to attend to and which parts of the working memory to send info to
- 21Phonological loop Phonological Store Articulatory controlPhonological loop deals with spoken and written material, Phonological store holds information in speech based form, articulatory control process rehearses info from phonological form
Written words must be articulated before they can be stored - 22Visuospatial sketchpad(inner eye) deals with visual & spacial info visual info refers to what things look like
the sketchpad displays and manipulates visual spacial info held in LTM (E.g spacial info of your house is held in LTM) - 23Episodic bufferBackup store which communicated with both LTM & components of working memory fed info from visuospatial sketchpad & phonological loop & maintains a sequence of time, things are remembered in order
- 24What are the two types of rehearsal?Maintenance rehearsal & elaborative rehearsal
- 25Maintenance rehearsalMaintaining info in LTM process of repeatedly verbalising /thinking about a piece of info, using inner eye; don't add meaning to it, info will stay in memory indefinitely/until distracted
- 26Elaborative rehearsalTransferring info to LTM, making info more meaningful, link to personal experience/situation, more effective way of encoding info
- 27Levels of processing model of memory (Craik & Lockhart, 1972)Focuses on the depth of proceeding involved in memory, non-structured approach, memory happens as a result of processing info, memory is the by-product of the depth of processing of info, no clear distinction between STM & LTM, theory concentrates on process of memory
- 28Levels of processing model of memory
- 29Levels of processing
- 30Shallow/Low processing forms1. Structural processing (appearance) which is when we encode only the physical qualities of something E.g. the typeface of a word/how the letters look
2. phonemic processing which is when we encode its sound
Shallow processing involves maintenance rehearsal - 31Deep processing forms1. Semantic processing which happens when we encode meaning if a word & relate it to similar words with similar meaning
Deep processing involved elaboration rehearsal - 32Techniques to remember info1. Mnemonic: tool that helps yo remember certain facts/large amounts of info
2. Chunking: pieces of info broken down and groups together - 33Memory retrievalProcess of bringing back info, how you remember things, longer the info goes without being rehearsed the more likely pieces of it to be forgotten, mind relies on basic method of retrieval to bring back as much info as possible
- 34What are the measures of retention?Recall, Recognition, Relearning
- 35RecallMeasure of LTM retrieval that required the reproduction of info with essentially no retrieval cue
Being asked to produce info with least possible cued - 36RecognitionMeasure of LTM retrieval that requires identification of info in the presence of retrieval cues
- 37RelearningSavings method of measuring LTM retrieval in which the measure is amount of time saved when relearning info for second time
- 38Types of recall1. Free recall
2. Cued recall
3. Serial recall - 39Tests of memory1. Free recall: Hardest type of recall, least environmental support
2. Cued recall: Second hardest type of recall: provides some environmental support
3. Recognition: Easiest type of recall, memory best under recognition, provides environmental support - 40Free recallProcess in which a person is given a list of items to remember & is tested by being asked to recall them in any order, often displays effects of primacy and recency effects. Often begins with the end of the list and moves to the start and middle of the list
- 41Primacy effectDisplayed when the person recalls items presented at the start of the list earlier & more often
- 42Recency effectDisplayed when the person recalls items presented at the end of the list earlier & more often
- 43Cued recallRetrieving info from LTM using aids/cues
- 44CuesCues can be external stimuli (words, sentences, incomplete pictured, letters within a words) as long as they have some connected to the info to be remembered
E.g. tiger cued with lion A _ had stripes, an incomplete drawing of tiger or Ti_.
Cues can be internal
E.g. people may be asked to think about what they were thinking about, their mood/spacio-temporal context at the time they encountered a target in an attempt to cue retrieval of it - 45Serial recallAbility to recall items/events in the order in which they occurred
- 46RecognitionIdentifying correct info among alternatives generally unconscious process the brain constantly does to find contextual cues surrounding us to help retrieve relevant memories. It can be a more conscious action
E.g. choosing an answer that looked familiar on a multiple choice test when you didn't remember the right answer, part of your mind recognised the correct term in the list - 47RelearningDoesn't mean there is no memory if you can't recall/recognise initially. If process of relearning is quicker, assumption is that there was some memory available
- 48Measures of retention - Sensitivity
- 49Savings score formula
- 50Types of LTMExplicit: Info you consciously work to remember, often associative
Implicit: Info you remembered consciously & effortlessly, does not require explicit detailed recall, uses past experiences to remember things without thinking about them - 51Types of explicit memoryEpisodic: LTM of specific events
Semantic: Memories of facts, concepts, names and other general knowledge - 52Types of implicit memoryProcedural: Stores info on how to perform certain procedures such as riding a bike, walking & talking
- 53Encoding failureBrain's occasional failure to create a memory link due to trauma, substance use being most common
- 54AbsentmindednessYou didn't say enough attention to the info & never fully encoded it properly
- 55Theories about why we forget1. Interference theory
2. Retrieval failure
3. Decay theory
4. Motivated forgetting - 56Interference theoryForgetting is a result of different memories interfering with one another
serial position effect - tendency to recall the 1st and last item of a list
retroactive interference - newly acquired info interferes with old memories
proactive interference - previously learning info makes it difficult to form new memories - 57Retrieval failure theoryWhere the info is in LTM but cannot be accessed, cannot be accessed because retrieval cues are not present
Retrieval cues are stimuli that assist in memory retrieval, they van be external - smalls, sight, sounds or internal - feelings - 58Decay theoryFormation of new memories result in chemical and physical changes in the brain that results in a memory trace. Trace theory proposes that the length of time between the memory and recalling that info determines whether the info will be retained/forgotten. If time interval is short, more info will be recalled. If a longer period of time passes, more info will be forgotten & memory will be poorer.
- 59Motivated forgettingPsychological behaviour in which people may forget unwanted memories either consciously or unconciously defined as a conscious coping strategy
- 60Motivated forgetting - psychological repression (Unconscious)Based on Fred's psychoanalytical model people subconsciously push unpleasant thoughts & feelings into unconscious. Repressed memories influence behaviour, dreams decision making, emotional response (e.g. abused child having trouble forming relationships)
- 61Motivated forgetting - Thought suppression (conscious)Deliberate/conscious attempt to suppress memories, involves conscious strategies & intentions; context shifts, so it is goal directed/ Time consuming & difficult task. The memories can easily resurface with minimal prompting.
- 62Context-dependant cuesContext dependant cues are from external stimuli or environment
E.g. studying in a similar environment to exam (quiet place without things on wall) will help recall more info during exam - 63State-dependant memoryMemories also tied to the emotional state we were in when we formed the memory
- 64Mood-congruent memoryTendency to selectively recall details that are consistent with one's current mood
- 65The serial position effectThe tendency to recall earlier words is called primacy effect, the tendency to recall the later words is called the recency effect
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- Year 10 (Term 4 2020 - Memory) Psychology Fichas sobre Memory, creado por Zahra Khan el 25/10/2020.
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- Zahra Khan
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