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CH:10 FINAL
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- 1intelligencea set of cognitive skills that includes abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and the ability to acquire knowledge
- 2Charles Spearmandeveloped the 1st theory of intelligence
- 3Theories of intelligence #1intelligence is a single, general ability
"how intelligent are you?" - 4Theory of intelligence #2intelligence consists of multiple abilities
"how are you intelligent?" - 5Verbal intelligencethe ability to solve problems and analyze information using language -based reasoning
- 6spatial intelligenceability or mental skill to solve spatial problems such as navigating, and visualizing objects from different angles
- 7quantitative intelligencethe ability to reason and solve problems by carrying out mathematical operations and using logic
- 8G- Factor Theoryspearman's theory that intelligence is a single general (g) factor made up of specific components
*the theory of general intelligence allows us to assign a single number (an overall Q score) to represent how intelligent a person is - 9Multiple- Factor theory of intellignecethe idea that intelligence consists of distinct dimensions an is not just a single factor. (this perspective is illustrated by the question, "How are you intelligent?"
- 10Analyticintelligence would aid in figuring out an uncommon word from its origin in a sentence
- 11FUN FACTOne of the first people to "break intelligence in two" was RAYMOND CATTELL, with his notion of FLUID and CRYSTALIZED intelligence
- 12Fluid Intelligenceraw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning that can be applied to a problem one has never confronted before
*involves new problems and requires new flexible solutions
*not a result of what you have already learned
*not influenced by culture or the size of your vocabulary - 13One commonly use measure of fluid intelligence is:RAVEN'S PROGRESSIVE MATRICIES TEST
-Matrix reasoning is fluid intelligence, because it does not depend on acquired knowledge and involves the ability to find patterns - 14Crystallized Intelligencethe kind of knowledge that one gains from experience and learning, education, and practice.
-involves what we have already learned - 15John Carrollfurther subdivided intelligence into 3 level, arranged in a hierarchy
General Intelligence
Broad Intelligence
Narrow Intelligence - 16General Intelligencevery similar to spearman's concept of "g"
- 17Broad intelligenceincludes abilities such as crystallized and fluid intelligence, memory, learning, and processing speed
- 18Narrow intelligenceincludes many distinct abilities (nearly 70), such as speed of reasoning and general sequential reasoning for fluid intelligence and reading, spelling, and language comprehension for crystallized intelligence
- 19Triarchic theory of intelligencesternberg's three-part model of intelligence, including analytic, creative, and practical intelligence
- 20analytic intelligenceinvolves judging, evaluating, or comparing and comparing and contrasting information
-it resembles the kind of academic intelligence that leads to high scores on tests of intelligence
ex. a person required to decipher the meaning of an uncommon word form its context in a sentence, or determine the next number in a series of numbers. - 21creative intelligenceinvolves coming up with fresh and useful ideas for solving problems
ex. a person might be given a number of cartoon images and then be asked to come up with a caption for each one - 22practical intelligencethe ability to solve problems of everyday life efficiently. Practical intelligence plays a role in knowing how to do one's job well and requires knowledge and skills that one learns "on the street" rather than in the classroom
"STREET SMARTS" - 23Howard Gardnerdeveloped the most elaborate theory of multiple intelligence. He argues that intelligence consists of at least 8 distinct capacities:
-linguistic
-mathematical
-musical
-bodily-kinesthetic
-spatial
-intrapersonal
-interpersonal
-naturalistic - 24naturalistic intelligencethe ability to recognize, classify, and understand the plants and animals in ones environment
- 25linguistic intelligenceability to learn, understand, and use both spoken and written language
- 26logical-mathematical intelligenceability to analyze information and problems logically and to perform mathematical operations
- 27musical intelligenceability in performing, composing, or appreciating musical patterns
- 28bodily- kinestheticability to use one's body or parts of it to solve problems or create products
- 29spatial intelligenceability to think about and solve problems in 3 dimensional space
- 30intrapersonal intelligenceability to be aware of, understand, and regulate one's own behavior, thoughts, feelings, and motivations
- 31gardner's ideas:1. different students learn in different ways
2.some students who have demonstrated ability in some areas fail academic subjects and do poorly on traditional intelligence tests - 32Alfred BinetDeveloped the first true test of intelligence
- 33mental agethe equivalent chronological age a child has reached based on his or her performance on an IQ test
- 34William Sternintroduced the intelligence ratio
Mental age (this is the level they perform at)(MA) / chronological age (CA) x 100 - 35Intelligence Quotient or IQthe ratio of mental age over chronological age
- 36Lewis Terman-translated the test for American students
-taught @ stanford
-named test "Stanford-Binet test" - 37David Wechsier-created test to measure adult intelligence
-"Wechsler adult intelligence scale" or "WAIS"
-later developed test for children
"Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC) - 38Kaufman - Assessment Battery for children or K-ABCone of the best known IQ test alternatives, developed by Nadeen and Alan Kaufman
- 39ways the K-ABC differed form the Stanford - Binet and Wechsler tests1.it was the first IQ test to be guided b theories of intelligence
2.included fundamentally different kinds of problems for children of different ages, as well as problems at varied levels of difficulty
3.the K-ABC measured several distinct aspects of intelligence
4.influenced by neuroscience and information processing theory, the K-ABC assessed different types of learning styles - 40These new tests included scores on four dimensions:-verbal comprehension
-perceptual reasoning
-working memory
-processing speed - 41Normsallows the comparison f your score on a test to the score of others
- 42reliabilitythe consistency of a measurement, such as an intelligence test
- 43test- retest reliabilitythe consistence of scores on a test over time
- 44internal reliabilitya characteristic of an intelligence test in which questions on a given subtest tend to correlate vey highly with other items on the subtest
- 45validitythe degree to which a test accurately measures what it purports to measure, such as intelligence, and not something else, and the degree to which it predicts real-world outcomes
- 46construct validitythe degree to which a test measures the concept it claims to measure, such as intelligence
- 47predictive validitythe degree to which intelligence test scores are positively related to real-world outcomes, such as school achievement or job success, and thus have predictive value
- 48cultural test biasthe notion that group differences in IQ scores are caused by different cultural and educational backgrounds, not by real differences in intelligence
- 49test biasa characteristic of a test that produces different outcomes for different groups
-however, researchers now found very little evidence for this kind of bias in IQ tests
-intelligence tests are developed using norms that reflect the make up of the general population - 50test fairnessa judgment about how test results are applied to different groups based on values and philosophical inclinations
- 51intellectual disabilitlysignificant limitations in intellectual functioning as well as in everyday adaptive behavior, which start before age 18
- 52adaptive behavioradjustment to and coping with everyday life
ex. how well can the person feed or dress him/herself? - 53ORIGINS OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY:-Chromosomal-Genetic Abnormalities (ex. down syndrome and fragile x syndrome)
-prenatal abnormalities (ex. fetal alcohol syndrome)
-environmental deprivaiton - 54FUN FACTin about 50% of cases, the cause of intellectual disability is ORGANIC, meaning that it is genetic, or the result of brain damage
- 55down syndromea chromosomal disorder characterized by mild to profound intellectual disability
"trisomy - 21"
-a person has 3 rather than 2 number 21 chromosomes - 56familial - cultural intellectual disabilityoccurs when environmental deprivation, such as neglect and poor nutrition, is to blame for some cases of milder intellectual disability. Genetics play NO role in this form of disability.
- 57giftedness-lies at the high end of the intelligence spectrum
-starting in 3rd grade, students who do very well in school and well on standardized tests of intelligence are sometimes places in "gifted" programs
-score 130-140 or above on IQ test - 58prodigya young person who is extremely gifted and precocious in one area and at least average in intelligence
ex. Mozart
-Akiano Kiamrik - she was sketching lifelike drawings @ age 4 - 59savant syndromea very rare condition in which people with serious mental handicaps also show isolated areas of ability or brilliance
- 60Daniel Tammetuses the mnemonic devices, a memory tool, to help him remember the value of Pi
- 61connectomethe map of all neural networks in the human brain; the writing diagram of the brain
- 62reaction rangefor a given trait, such as IQ, the genetically determined range of responses by an individual to his or her envirionment
- 63FUN FACTS- men and women are equally intelligent
-there is more variability in intelligence among men than among women - 64functional fixednessa mind-set in which one is blind to unusual uses of common, everyday things or procedures
- 65convergent - thinking problemsproblems that have known solutions and require analytic thinking and the use of learned strategies and knowledge to come up with the correct answer
- 66divergent thinking problemsproblems that have no known solutions and require novel solutions
- 673 strategies to solve different kinds of problems:algorithms
insight
thinking outside the box - 68algorithmsstep-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem
- 69insighta sudden solution that comes to mind in a flash
- 70thinking outside the boxan approach to problem solving that requires breaking free of self-imposed conceptual constraints and thinking about a problem differently in order to solve it
- 71Eureka Insights-one of the best known examples took place in ancient Greece. Philosopher - scientist Archimedes solved the problem of how to determine whether a crown contained anything besides gold. The solution came to him in a FLASH! He noticed water rises in public baths when he entered. He could figure out if it was gold by water displacement. He got so excited that he yelled "Eureka!!!" meaning "I have found it"
- 72cognitive fixationthe inability to break out of a particular mind-set in order to think about a problem from a fresh perspective
- 73mental seta tendency to continue to use problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past, even if better solutions are available.
- 74Word Salada collection of words that are mixed up in sentences with no real meaning
- 75creativitythinking and / or behavior that is both novel- original and useful - and adaptive
- 76Graham Wallas identified 4 stages of creative problem solving:preparation
incubation
insight
elaboration - verification - 77default mode networka brain network that consists of regions of the frontal and parietal lobes that are active when a person is not focused on anything particular from the outside and becomes less active when a person is focused on a particular stimulus
ex. taking a shower, daydreaming, walking can be ideal conditions for creative ideas - 78remote associationdisplay 3 words at one time to participant, who must then come up with a single word that could be used with all 3 words
- 79Cognitive process in creative thinking:focus on visual thinking, fluency, flexibility, and originality
- 80ideational fluencythe ability to produce many ideas
- 81alternate uses test-measures creativity
-participants are given a common object, and are asked to write down all the possible uses they can think of for the object within a limited amount of time - 82creative problem solving using mental imagery3 stimulus shapes at a time are presented to a person, whose task it is to combine them in any way to produce a single image or object
- 83flexibility of thoughtthe ability to come up with many different categories of ideas and think of other responses besides the obvious one
- 84originalitythe ability to come up with unusual and novel ideas
- 85FUN FACTone of the most pronounced personality traits of creative artists and scientists, is OPENESS TO EXPERIENCE, which is the tendency to enjoy and seek out new experiences, new foods, new places, and new ideas
- 86creative thinking or behavioris both novel and meaningful
- 87Geniushigh intelligence combined with creative accomplishments that have a tremendous impact on a given field
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- Descripción
- Psychology Fichas sobre CH:10 FINAL, creado por Lindsey Reich el 14/12/2020.
- Creado por
- Lindsey Reich
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