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Lecture 7- Memory
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- 1MemoryRetention of information over time
• Reflects different abilities
• Memory is not one thing
• Memory is actively reconstructed • Not passively reproduced - 2Sensory MemoryHolds sensory information
• Each sense has its own system
• Iconic (vision, 1⁄2 a second)
• Echoic (hearing, 2-4 seconds)
• Allowsmoreelaborateperceptual processing
• The duration is short, but capacity is very large - 3Short-term MemoryAlso known as working memory
• Hold information temporarily in your mind
• Duration of information lasts about 20-30
seconds - 4Long-term MemoryInformation acquired across lifespan
• Perhaps unlimited (?) duration and capacity
• Different types - 5Explicit/declarative (type of long-term memory)Consciously recalled
• Episodic: events in our lives
• Semantic: facts of the world - 6Implicit/non-declarative (long-term memory)Does not require conscious thought
Procedural:
• habits and how to do things
Priming:
• Exposure to a stimulus
influences future response - 7PrimacyRemembering things at the start of a list well (long-term effects?)
- 8RecencyRemembering things at the end of a list well (short-term effects?)
- 9Stages of Memory1. Encoding: process of getting
information into our memory.
• 2. Storage: maintaining information over time
• 3. Retrieval: accessing information when you need it - 10EncodingAttention
• Unless you pay attention, it won’t be encoded
• What direction does the beaver face on a Canadian nickel?
Mnemonics
• Learning aids or strategies that enhance later recall
• e.g. PEMDAS - 11StorageEngrams
• Physical basis of memory
• Structural + functional changes in
our CNS as a result of experience
Consolidation
• Affixes engrams to long-term memory
• Stabilizes memory traces - 12SchemasMental models or knowledge structures
• E.g., What a sofa is
• How to order at a restaurant
• Frames of reference for interpreting new situations - 13RetrievalReactivation or reconstruction of memories from storage
• Recall: generating remembered information on your own
• Recognition: selecting previously remembered information from several options
• Retrieval cues: hints that make it easier for us to recall information - 14Context dependent memoryBest when physical or external context between encoding and retrieval are similar
- 15State dependent memoryMatch in internal/mental context between encoding and retrieval
- 16Mood dependent memoryMatch in mood between encoding and retrieval
- 17EngramPhysical Changes in our brain as a result of experience (memory traces)
- 18Karl LashleyTried to find where engrams are stored
• Trained rats to run mazes
• Create lesions in the brain
• No one area when lesioned created memory problems
• Engrams not stored in a single place • Distributed in the brain - 19Donald Hebb (Lashley’s student)“Neurons that fire together wire together”
• Neurons that are activate at the same time
become associated - 20Long-term potentiationAKA LTP:
strengthening
connections between two neurons after they are both activated. - 21Long-term depressionAKA LTD:
weakening of connections between two neurons after low or no activation between them - 22—Neurons that fire together lead to an increase in vesicles containing neurotransmitter, and more receptors on the post-synaptic dendrite
- 23Where are memories stored?Memories stored across entire brain
• Hippocampus as “memory index” in temporal lobe - 24Synaptic theory of memoryMemories as relative weights (connection strength) between neurons
- 25Brain regions and types of memoryHippocampus
• Codes explicit memories
• Forming new memories
Cerebellum
• Related to implicit memories
Prefrontal Cortex
• Semantic memory
• Working/short-term memory
Entire Cortex
• Forms of explicit memory - 26H.M. (Patient)• Bilateral temporal lobe removal due to seizures
• Brenda Milner (student of Hebb) discovered
H.M. and anterograde amnesia - 27Amnesia• Loss or disorder of memory
• Anterograde: can’t form new memories • Retrograde: can’t access old memories - 28Misinformation EffectCreating fictious memories by providing misleading information after the event takes place
- 29Flashbulb memoriesVivid and detailed emotional memories
• Believed to be stable
• Neisser and Harsch (1992) – Challenger disaster in 1986
• 75% of memories 2 years later didn’t match original memory - 30—
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- Descripción
- Psychology Fichas sobre Lecture 7- Memory, creado por Cassidy Roy el 13/12/2022.
- Creado por
- Cassidy Roy
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